honway

习近平2017新年贺词

honway (@honway) — Mon, 02 Jan 2017 19:06:24 -0800

　　The year of 2016 is coming to an end, and the bell of the New Year is going to ring. At this happy moment of ringing out the old year and ringing in the new, I would like to extend my New Year wishes to people from all ethnic groups across China, to our compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions, to our compatriots from Taiwan region and overseas, and to friends from all countries and regions across the world. 　　For the Chinese people, the year of 2016 is not only outstanding but also unforgettable. We made a good start of the 13th 5-year National Development Periodwhich spans from 2016 to 2020. We actively carried out the new development concept, accelerated the process of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, and maintained our economic growth ranking the first in the world. We vigorously pushed forward the comprehensive deepening of reform, made important steps in terms of supply-side structural reform, achieved remarkable breakthroughs in the reform of national defense and the military, and the main frame of reform in all fields with "multiple pillars" has been established.We actively promoted the building of a law-based governance of the country, deepened the reform on the judicial system, enhanced judicial justice in an all-round way, and maintained social fairness and justice. We vigorously pushed forward the exercise of our Party's strict governance in every respect, unswervingly cracked down on both "tigers" and "flies", in a bid to purify our political ecosystem, and continue to improve our Party and our government's working style, as well as our social conduct. 　　　In the year of 2016, the Chinese "sky-eye" single-aperture spherical telescope came into use officially, the "WuKong" dark matter detection satellite was under operation in the orbit for a year, the "Mozi" quantum satellite was launched into space, the Shenzhou-11 manned spaceship and the Tiangong-2 space lab traveled through the Galaxy, the Chinese Olympians made outstanding achievements, including the Chinese Women's Volleyball team's becoming the Olympic champion again, which is 12 years after they won the title. Furthermore, our reform measures have made it a little easier for rural migrant workers to settle down in urban areas, and the condition for many children from impoverished areas to receive education has also improved, people don't need to shuttle back and forth between different places when they apply for an identity card in non-native places, some people without permanent household residence for a long time can finally get access to social welfare, many people even have got their own family doctors, and "river chiefs" will be appointed across China for better protection of water resources against pollution in the country. All those efforts make us feel a sense of achievement. 　　In the year of 2016, near the beautiful West Lake in Hangzhou city, we held the 11th G20 Leaders' Summit, we shared our thoughts with world leaders and proposed our ideas, and also presented to the world the magnificent, impressive and elegant image of China. The projects under "One Belt and One Road" Initiative was also pushed forward, and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank officially started operation. We have adhered to the peaceful development while resolutely safeguarding the territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests of China. We will never tolerate any act that undermines our territorial sovereignty and maritime rights. 　　　　In the year of 2016, natural disasters and industrial accidents took place in many places across China, bringing severe losses on people's life and property, as well as production. We deeply regret those mishaps. On the international front, a few comrades from China's peacekeeping troops have sacrificed their lives while serving their duty to safeguard world peace, we mourn the loss of these soldiers and will repay high tribute to them by taking a good care of their loved ones. 　　In the year of 2016, we held grand ceremonies to mark a series of important anniversaries including the 95th founding anniversary of the Communist Party of China, and the 80th anniversary of the triumph of the Long March by the Red Army of Chinese workers and peasants. We will always cherish the memory of the forefathers who have made great contributions to the Chinese people and the Chinese nation. We will remain committed to our mission, and continue to forge ahead. 　　An ancient saying goes,"the world moves on in a never-ending process of the new replacing the old." In the upcoming year of 2017, the Communist Party of China will convene its 19th national congress, an occasion to renew our commitment to the comprehensive building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, to the comprehensive deepening of reforms, to the comprehensive advancement of rule of law, and to the comprehensive exercising of self-governance of the party. No fruit will be reaped without hard work. We will be rewarded with achievements only after tireless endeavors. 　　　We will make sure that no one is left behind on our way to prosperity.Over the past year, 10 million more people across the country have been lifted out of poverty. I would like to pay high tribute and express appreciation to the comrades who have worked tremendously in grass root unites in fighting poverty. As we greet the New Year, there is one thing that remains most dearly attached to my heart. That is those fellow citizens who still live in hardship. I'm seriously concerned and wonder how their food supply and accommodation are being maintained, how they are celebrating the New Year and the Spring Festival. I'm aware that some folks are faced with difficulties in employment, children's education, medical care and housing. To ceaselessly solve those problems remain an unshirkable responsibility for the party and the government. The whole party and the whole society should show continued care and offer help to those fellow citizens living in poverty. We will enable more people to enjoy the fruit of our reforms, and ultimately let all the people in this country live in happiness. 　　 As one saying goes,"success comes to those who share in one purpose". So long as the 1.3 billion people pull together in forging ahead, the party stands identified with the people, and the nation remains mobilized for brand new endeavors, we will surely accomplish the Long March of our generation. 　　 The Chinese people have always believed that the world is a commonwealth.We Chinese not only aspire for good living for ourselves, but also hope people in other parts of the world lead a descent life. At present, people in certain countries and regions are still troubled in wars and turbulence; many are suffering from diseases and disasters. We sincerely hope the international community will make concerted effort, work in the belief that mankind shares the same fate as a community, and build our planet into a more peaceful and prosperous place to live in. 　　 May the chime of the New Year consolidate our confidence and re-ignite our aspiration for an even better tomorrow! 　　Thank you all.

特殊符号查询表

honway (@honway) — Wed, 21 Dec 2016 19:54:59 -0800

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PANTONE TPX色卡色号

honway (@honway) — Mon, 19 Dec 2016 19:55:26 -0800

. PANTONE(TPX)色卡.pdf

中国传统小吃英文

honway (@honway) — Thu, 15 Dec 2016 06:54:22 -0800

蒸煮类　　包子Baozi 叉烧包 Char Siu Bao，Buns with barbecued pork filling 　　长寿桃（馒头）Longevity peaches steamed buns　　饭团 Rice and vegetable roll 　　割包 Steamed sandwich 蝴蝶卷 Steamed butterfly roll 花卷 Huajuan，Flower rolls，Steamed twisted roll 花馒头 Steamed flower buns 馄饨 Won ton，Hundun，Maoerduo（猫耳朵，天津名），Baomian（包面，湖北名），Yuntun（云吞，广东名）馒头 Steamed buns，Mantou，Chinese buns，Chinese steamed buns 　　糯米卷 Glutinous rice rolls，Sticky rice rolls 烧麦、烧卖、烧梅 Saomai，Saomei，Steamed pork dumplings 水饺 Boiled dumplings 　　水晶饺 Pyramid dumplings，Pyramid dumplings within shrimp 　　汤包Steamed dumpling filled with minced meat and gravy 窝窝头 Steamed corn bread 蒸饺 Steamed dumplings 　　粽子 Zongzi，Rice dumplings 油炸油煎类（湖北）欢喜砣 Happy balls，Glutinous rice sesame balls 春卷 Spring rolls，ChunJuan，Deep-fried spring rolls，Sushi spring rolls，Ham spring rolls　葱油饼 Fried baked scallion pancake 锅贴 Woktie，Fried dumplings 鸡蛋饼 Pan-fried egg cakes 　　鸡蛋饺 Pan-fried egg dumplings 鸡蛋卷 Pan-fried egg rolls 　　煎包 Pan-fried Baozi 煎饺 Pan-fried Chinese dumplings 煎馒头 Pan-fried Mantou 韭菜盒 Fried leek dumplings 　　麻花 Chinese doughnut，fried dough twist 麻团、煎堆 Fried glutinous rice balls with sesame，Deep-fried sesame seed ball 面窝、油香 Fried rice cake 三角牛肉饺 Fried triangle beef dumplings 酥饺 Fried sweet dumplings 油饼 Fried baked pancake 油条 Fried bread stick 炸馒头 Deep fried Mantou 芝麻球 Glutinous rice sesame balls 　　烤制类（湖北）锅块 Guokuai 烤苕 Clay oven sweet potato 酪饼 Pan-fried cakes 千层饼 Multi-layer steamed bread 烧饼 Clay oven rolls 　　面条粉条类（武汉）热干面 Spicy hot noodles，Hot-and-dry noodles，(Wuhan)Hot dry noodle with sesame paste 板条 Flat noodles 　　炒米粉 Fried rice noodles 　　刀削面 Sliced noodles 　　冬粉 Green bean noodles 豆粉 Soybean flour noodles 鹅肉面 Goose with noodles 过桥米线 Yunnan rice noodles，Rice noodles with chicken soup 馄饨面 Wonton & noodles 　　冷面Cold noodle 凉皮 Cold noodles，Liang Pi 绿豆粉皮 Green bean starch sheet 麻酱面 Sesame paste noodles 　　麻辣面 Spicy hot noodles 　　米粉 Rice noodles 　　牡蛎细面 Oyster thin noodles 牛肉线粉 Chili rice noodles with beef 热干粉 Spicy hot rice noodles，Hot-and-dry rice noodles 肉丝炒面 Fried noodles with shredded 三鲜面 Three-delicacy mixed noodles 鳝鱼面 Chinese eel noodles 乌龙面 Seafood noodles 　　鸭肉面 Duck with noodles 　　炸酱面 Sauteed noodles with minced meat，Fried bean-paste noodles，Soya bean paste noodles，Fried bean sauce noodles 榨菜肉丝面 Pork and pickled mustard green noodles 　　饭粥类：八宝粥Eight treasures congee 八宝粥饭Eight treasures rice 白饭 Plain white rice 蛋炒饭 Fried rice with egg 地瓜粥 Sweet potato congee 干姜粥Ginger porridge 卤肉饭 Braised pork rice 糯米饭 Glutinous rice，sweet rice，sticky rice 皮蛋瘦肉粥 Preserved egg congee 稀饭 Rice porridge 扬州炒饭 Yangchow fried rice，Fried rice Yangchou style，Yang Zhou Fried Rice 油饭 Glutinous oil ric

广交会英语整理

honway (@honway) — Thu, 15 Dec 2016 00:17:08 -0800

广交会常用外语(一) 问好 1. Good morning/afternoon/evening./May I help you? /Anything I can do for you? 2. How do you do? /How are you? /Nice to meet you. 3. It’s a great honor to meet you./I have been looking forward to meeting you. 4. Welcome to China. 5. We really wish you'll have a pleasant stay here. 6. I hope you’ll have a pleasant stay here. Is this your fist visit to China? 7. Do you have much trouble with jet lag? 机场接客 1. Excuse me; are you Mr. Wilson from the International Trading Corporation? 2. How do I address you? 3. May name is Benjamin liu. I’m from the Fuzhou E-fashion Electronic Company. I’m here to meet you. 4. We have a car can over there to take you to your hotel. Did you have a nice trip? 5. Mr. David smith asked me to come here in his place to pick you up. 6. Do you need to get back your baggage? 7. Is there anything you would like to do before we go to the hotel? 相互介绍 1. Let me introduce my self. My name is Benjamin Liu, an Int’l salesman in the Marketing Department. 2. Hello, I am Benjamin Liu, an Int’l salesman of FUZHOU E-FASHION ELECTRONIC COMPANY. Nice to meet you. /pleased to meet you. / It is a pleasure to meet you. 3. I would like to introduce Mark Sheller, the Marketing department manager of our company. 4. Let me introduce you to Mr. Li, general manager of our company. 5. Mr. Smith, this is our General manage, Mr. Zhen, this is our Marketing Director, Mr.Lin. And this is our RD Department Manager, Mr. Wang. 6. If I’m not mistaken, you must be Miss Chen from France. 7. Do you remember me? Benjamin Liu from Marketing Department of PVC. We met several years ago. 8. Is there anyone who has not been introduced yet? 9. It is my pleasure to talk with you. 10. Here is my business card. / May I give you my business card? 11. May I have your business card? / Could you give me your business card? 12. I am sorry. I can’t recall your name. / Could you tell me how to pronounce your name again? 13. I’ am sorry. I have forgotten how to pronounce your name. 小聊 1. Is this your first time to China? 2. Do you travel to China on business often? 3. What kind of Chinese food do you like? 4. What is the most interesting thing you have seen in China? 5. What is surprising to your about China? 6. The weather is really nice. 7. What do you like to do in your spare time? 8. What line of business are you in? 9. What do you think about…? /What is your opinion?/What is your point of view? 10. No wonder you're so experienced. 11. It was nice to talking with you. / I enjoyed talking with you. 12. Good. That's just what we want to hear. 确认话意 1. Could you say that again, please? 2. Could you repeat that, please? 3. Could you write that down? 4. Could you speak a little more slowly, please? 5. You mean…is that right? 6. Do you mean..? 7. Excuse me for interrupting you. 社交招待 1. Would like a glass of water? / can I get you a cup of Chinese red tea? / How about a Coke? 2. Alright, let me make some. I’ll be right back. 3. A cup of coffee would be great. Thanks. 4. There are many places where we can eat. How about Cantonese food? 5. I would like to invite you for lunch today. 6. Oh, I can’t let you pay. It is my treat, you are my guest. 7. May I propose that we break for coffee now? 8. Excuse me. I’ll be right back 9. Excuse me a moment. 告别 1. Wish you a very pleasant journey home? Have a good journey! 2. Thank you very much for everything you have done us during your stay in China. 3. It is a pity you are leaving so soon. 4. I’m looking forward to seeing you again. 5. I’ll see you to the airport tomorrow morning. 6. Don’t forget to look me up if you are ever in FUZHOU. Have a nice journey! 约会 1. May I make an appointment? I‘d like to arrange a meeting to discuss our new order. 2. Let’s fix the time and the place of our meeting. 3. Can we make it a little later? 4. Do you think you could make it Monday afternoon? That would suit me better. 5. Would you please tell me when you are free? 6. I’m afraid I have to cancel my appointment. 7. It looks as if I won’t be able to keep the appointment we made. 8. Will you change our appoint tomorrow at 10:00 to the day after tomorrow at the came time? 9. Anytime except Monday would be all right. 10. OK, I will be here, then. 11. We'll leave some evenings free, that is, if it is all right with you. 市场销售客户询问 1. Could I have some information about your scope of business? 2. Would you tell me the main items you export? 3. May I have a look at your catalogue? 4. We really need more specific information about your technology. 5. Marketing on the Internet is becoming popular. 6. We are just taking up this line. I’m afraid we can’t do much right now. 回答询问 7. This is a copy of catalog. It will give a good idea of the products we handle. 8. Won’t you have a look at the catalogue and see what interest you? 9. That is just under our line of business. 10. What about having a look at sample first? 11. We have a video which shows the construction and operation of our latest products. 12. The product will find a ready market there. 13. Our product is really competitive in the world market. 14. Our products have been sold in a number of areas abroad. They are very popular with the users there. 15. We are sure our products will go down well in your market, too. 16. It’s our principle in business “to honor the contract and keep our promise”. 17. Convenience-store chains are doing well. 18. We can have anther tale if anything interests you. 19. We are always improving our design and patterns to confirm to the world market 20. Could you provide some technical data? We’d like to know more about your products. 21. This product has many advantages compared to other competing products. 22. There are certainly being problems in the sale work at the first stage. But suppose you order a small quantity for a trail. 23. I wish you a success in your business transaction. 24. You will surely find something interesting. 25. Here you are. Which item do you think might find a ready market at your end? 26. Our product is the best seller. 27. This is our newly developed product. Would you like to see it? 28. This is our latest model. It had a great success at the last exhibition in Paris. 29. I’m sure there is some room for negotiation. 30. Here are the most favorite products on display. Most of them are local and national prize products. 31. The best feature of this product is that it is very light in weight. 32. We have a wide selection of colors and designs. 33. Have a look at this new product. It operates at touch of a button. It is very flexible. 34. this product is patented 35. The functioning of this software has been greatly improved. 36. This design has got a real China flavor. 37. The objective of my presentation is for you to see the product’s function. 38. The product has just come out, so we don’t know the outcome yet. 39. It has only been on the market for a few months, bust it is already very popular. 广交会常用外语(二) 品质 1. We have a very strict quality controlling system which promises that goods we produced are always of the best quality. 2. You have got the quality there as well as the style. 3. How do you feel like the quality of our products? 4. The high quality of the products will secure their leading status in the market place. 5. You must be aware that our quality is far superior to others. 6. We pride ourselves on quality. That is our best selling point. 7. As long as the quality is good. It is all right if the price is a bit higher. 8. They enjoy good reputation in the world. 9. When we compare prices, we must first take into account the quality of the products. 10. There is no quality problem. Quality is something we never neglect. 11. You are right. It is good in material, fashionable in design, and superb in workmanship. 12. We deliver all our orders within one month after receipt of the covering letters of credit. 13. Do you have specific request for packing? Here are the samples of packing available now, you may have a look. 14. I wonder if you have found that our specifications meet your requirements. I’m sure the prices we submitted are competitive.Sample Text 价格客人询价 1. Will you please let us have an idea of your price? 2. Are the prices on the list firm offers? 3. How about the price/ How much is this? 我们报价 4. This is our price list. 5. We don’t give any commission in general. 6. What do you think of the payment terms? 7. Here are our FOB prices. All the prices in the lists are subject to our final confirmation. 8. In general, our prices are given on a FOB basis. 9. We offer you our best prices, at which we have done a lot business with other customers. 10. Will you please tell us the specifications, quantity and packing you want, so that we can work out the offer ASAP? 11. This is the pricelist, but it serves as a guide line only. Is there anything you are particularly interested in? 客人还价 12. Is it possible that you lower the price a bit? 13. Do you think you can possibly cut down your prices by 10%? 14. Can you bring your price down a bit? Say $20 per dozen. 15. It’s too high; we have another offer for a similar one at much lower price. 16. But don’t you think it’s a little high? 17. Your price is too high for us to accept. 18. It would be very difficult for us to push any sales it at this price. 19. If you can go a little lower, I’d be able to give you an order on the spot. 20. It is too much. Can you discount it? 拒绝还价 21. Our price is highly competitive./ this is the lowest possible price./Our price is very reasonable. 22. Our price is competitive as compared with that in the international market. 23. To tell you the truth, we have already quoted our lowest price. 24. I can assure you that our price if the most favorable. A trial will convince you of my words. 25. The price has been cut to the limit. 26. I’m sorry. It is our rock-bottom price. 27. My offer was based on reasonable profit, not on wild speculations. 28. While we appreciate your cooperation, we regret to say that we can’t reduce our price any further. 接受还价 29. Can we each make some concession? 30. In order to conclude business, we are prepared to cut down our price by 5%. 31. If your order is big enough, we may reconsider our price. 32. Buyer wish to buy cheap and sellers wish to sell dear. Everyone has an eye to his own benefit. 33. The price of his commodity has recently been adjusted due to advance in cost. 34. Considering our good relationship and future business, we give a 3% discount. 订单客人询问最小单数量 35. What’s minimum quantity of an order of your goods? 询问订货数量 36. How many do you intend to order? 37. Would you give me an idea how much you wish to order from us? 38. When can we expect your confirmation of the order? 39. As our backlogs are increasing, please hasten the order. 40. Thank you for your inquiry. Would you tell us what quantity you require so that we can work out the offer? 41. We regret that the goods you inquire about are not available. 客人回答订单数量 42. The size of our order depends greatly on the prices. 43. Well, if your order is large enough, we are ready to reduce our price by 2 percent. 44. If you reduce your price by 5, we are going to order 1000sets. 45. Considering the long-standing business relationship between us, we accept it. 46. This is a trial order; please send us 100 sets only so that we may test the market. If successful, we will give you large orders in the future. 47. We have decided to place an order for your electronic weighing scale. 48. I’d like to order 600 sets. 49. We can’t execute orders at your limits. 感谢下单 50. Generally speaking, we can supply form stock. 51. I want to tell you how much I appreciate your order. 52. Thank you for your order of 100 dozen of the shirts. We assure you of a punctual execution of your order. 53. Thank you very much for your order. 交货客人询问交货期 54. What about our request for the early delivery of the goods? 55. What is the earliest time when you can make delivery? 56. How long does it usually take you to make delivery? 57. When will you deliver the products to us? 58. When will the goods reach our port? 59. What about the method of delivery? 60. Will it possible for you to ship the goods before early October? 答复交货期 61. I think we can meet your requirement. 62. I ‘m sorry. We can’t advance the time of delivery. 63. I’m very sorry for the delay in delivery and the inconvenience it must have caused you.. 64. We can assure you that the shipment will be made not later than the fist half of May. 65. We will get the goods dispatched within the stipulated time. 66. The earliest delivery we can make is at the end of September. 客人要求提早交货 67. You may know that time of delivery is a matter of great important. 68. You know that time of delivery if very important to us. I hope you can give our request your special consideration. 69. Let’s discuss the delivery date first. You offered to deliver the goods within six months after the contract signing. 70. The interval is too long. Could we expect an earlier shipment within three months? 稳住客人 71. We shall effect shipment as soon as the goods are ready 72. We will speed up the production in order to ship your order in time. 73. If you desire earlier delivery, we can only make a partial shipment. 74. But you’d better ship the goods entirely. 75. We’ll try our best. The earliest delivery we can make is in May, but I can assure you that we’ll do our best to advance the shipment. 76. I’m afraid not. As you know, our manufacturers are full and we have a lot of order to fill. 77. I’ll find out with our home office. We’ll do our best to advance the time of delivery. 78. Thank you very much for your cooperation. 79. I believe that the products will reach you in time and in good order and hope they will give you complete satisfaction. 签单签单前建议 1. Before the formal contract is drawn up we’d like to restate the main points of the agreement. 2. We can get the contract finalized now. 3. Could you repeat the terms we’ve settled? 4. It is very important for us to abide by contracts and keep good faith. 5. Have you any questions as regards to the contract? 6. I’d like to hear your ideas about the problem. 7. I think it is better to have a good understanding of all clauses before signing a contract. 8. Do you have any comment to make about this clause? 9. Do you think the contract contains basically all we have agreed on during negotiations? 10. Everything has been arranged well. I hope the signing of the contract will go smoothly 广交会常用外语(三) 11. These are two originals of the contract we prepared. 询问签单 12. When shall we sign the contract? 13. Mr. Brown, do you think it is time to sign the contract? 14. Shall we go over the other terms and conditions of the contract to see if we agree on all the particulars? 15. Shall we sign the contract now? 16. Just sign there on the bottom. 17. The contract is ready, would you mind reading it through? 18. We have reached an agreement on all the clauses discussed so far. It is time to sing the contract. 签单后祝语 19. I’m very pleased that we have come to an agreement at last. 20. Let’s congratulate ourselves for the successful contract. 付款方式客人询问付款方式 1. Shall we discuss the terms of payment? 2. What is your regular practice about terms of payment? 3. What are your terms of payment? 4. How are we going to arrange payment? 回复询问付款方式 5. We’d like you to pay us by L/C. 6. We always require L/C for our exports and we pay by L/C for our imports as well. 7. We insist on full payment. 8. We ask for a 30 percent down payment. 9. We expect payment in advance on first orders. 客人建议付款方式 10. We hope you will accept D/P payments terms. 11. In view of this order of small quantity, we propose payment by D/P with collection through a band so as to simplify the payment procedure. 12. Payment by L/C is the safest method, but rather complicated. 礼帽拒绝客人 13. I’m sorry. We can’t accept D/P or D/A. We insist on payment by L/C. 14. I’m afraid we must insist on our usual payment terms. 15. “Payment by installments” is not the usual practice in world trade. 16. It is difficult for us to accept your suggestion 接受客人付款方式 17. In view of our long friendly relations and the efforts you have made in pushing the sales, we agree to change the terms of payment from L/C at sight to D/P at sight; however, this should not be taken as a precedent. 18. I have no alternative but to accept your terms of payment. 信用证要求及货币 19. When should we open the L/C? 20. Your L/C must reach us 30 days before the date of delivery so as to enable us to make all necessary arrangements. 21. How long should our L/C be valid? 22. The L/C should be valid 30 days after the date of shipment. 23. Could you tell me what documents you’ll provide? 24. Together with the draft, we’ll also send you a full set of bill of lading, an invoice, and an insurance policy, a certificate of origin and a certificate of inspection. I suppose that is all. 25. In what currency will payment by made? 26. We usually do business in U.S.dollars as world prices are often dollars based. 保险客人询问保险 1. As for the insurance, I have quite a lot of things which I am still not clear about. 2. May I ask you a few questions about insurance? 3. What do your insurance clauses cover? 4. I wonder if the insurance company holds the responsibility for the loss. 5. Have you taken our insurance for us on these goods? 6. Can you tell me the difference between WPA and FPA? 7. What risks are you usually covered against? 8. Is war risk to be covered? 9. I’d like to have the insurance of the goods covered at 110% of the invoice amount. 回复保险询问 10. There are three basic covers, namely, Free form Particular Average, with Particular Average and ALL risks. 11. Ocean shipping cargo insurance is important because goods run the risk of different hazards such as fire, storm, collision, theft, leakage, explosions, etc. If the goods are insured, the exporter might get enough to make up his loss. 12. Should any damage be incurred, you may, within 60 days after the arrival of the consignment, file a claim supported by a survey report, with the insurance company at your end. 13. As a rule, we don’t cover them unless you want to. 14. If more than that is asked for, the extra premium for the difference between 130% and 110% should be born by the buyer. 15. The FPA clause doesn’t cover partial loss of the particular coverage, whereas the WPA clause does. 16. The extra premium involved will be on your account. 17. The insurance covers ALL Risks at 110% of the invoice value. 18. No, it is not necessary for the shipping line to add to the cost. Our past experience shows that All risks gives enough protection to all the shipments to your area. 19. ALL risk covers all losses occurring throughout the voyage caused by accidents at sea or land. In other words, it includes FPA, WPA, and general additional risks, with special additional risks excluded. 参观工厂 1. You’ll understand our products better if you visit the factory. 2. I wonder if you could arrange a visit to the factory. 3. Let’s me know when you are free. We will arrange the tour for you. 4. I would be pleased to accompany you to the workshops. 5. We will drive you to our plant, which is about thirty minutes from here. 6. Can I have a brochure of your factory? 7. Here is the product shop; shall we start with the assembly line? 8. All products have to go through five checks during the manufacturing process. 9. The production method ahs been improved by introducing advanced technologies. 10. It is a pleasure to show our factory to our friends, what is your general impression? 11. It is nice to meet you. Welcome to our factory. 12. Shall we rest a while and have a cup of tea before going around? 13. I would like to look over the manufacturing process. How many workshops are there in the factory? 14. Some accessories are made by our associates specializing in these fields. 15. It is very kind of you to say so. My associate and I would be interested in visiting your factory. 16. We believe that the quality is the soul of an enterprise. 17. Would it be possible for me to have a closer look at your samples?学会这几句广交会上轻松搞定老外 Let me introduce you to Mr. Li, general manager of our company. 让我介绍你认识，这是我们的总经理，李先生。 It’s an honor to meet. 很荣幸认识你。 Nice to meet you . I’ve heard a lot about you. 很高兴认识你，久仰大名。 How do I pronounce your name? 你的名字怎么读？ How do I address you? 如何称呼您？ It’s going to be the pride of our company. 这将是本公司的荣幸。 What line of business are you in? 你做那一行？ Keep in touch. 保持联系。 Thank you for coming. 谢谢你的光临。 Don’t mention it. 别客气 Excuse me for interrupting you. 请原谅我打扰你。 I’m sorry to disturb you. 对不起打扰你一下。 Excuse me a moment. 对不起，失陪一下。 Excuse me. I’ll be right back. 对不起，我马上回来 What about the price? 对价格有何看法？ What do you think of the payment terms? 对支付条件有何看法？ How do you feel like the quality of our products? 你觉得我们产品的质量怎么样？ What about having a look at sample first? 先看一看产品吧？ What about placing a trial order? 何不先试订货？ The quality of ours is as good as that of many other suppliers, while our prices are not high as theirs. By the way, which items are you interested in? 我们的产品质量与其他生产商一样的好，而我们的价格却不象他们的那样高。哎，你对哪个产品感兴趣？ You can rest assured. 你可以放心。 We are always improving our design and patterns to confirm to the world market. 我们一直在提高我们产品的设计水平，以满足世界市场的要求。 This new product is to the taste of European market. 这种新产品欧洲很受欢迎。 I think it will also find a good market in your market. 我认为它会在你国市场上畅销。 Fine quality as well as low price will help push the sales of your products. 优良的质量和较低的价格有助于推产品。 While we appreciate your cooperation, we regret to say that we can’t reduce our price any further. 虽然我们感谢贵方的合作，但是很抱慊，我们不能再减价了。 Reliability is our strong point. 可靠性正是我们产品的优点。 We are satisfied with the quality of your samples, so the business depends entirely on your price. 我们对样品的质量很满意，因此交易的成败就取决于你们的价格了。 To a certain extent，our price depends on how large your order is. 在某种程度上，我们的价格就得看你们的定单有多大。 This product is now in great demand and we have on hand many enquiries from other countries. 这种产品现在需求量很大，我们手头上来自其他国家的很多询盘。 Thank you for your inquiry. Would you tell us what quantity you require so that we can work out the offer? 谢谢你询价。为了便于我方提出报价，能否请你谈谈你方需求数量？ Here are our FOB price. All the prices in the lists are subject to our final confirmation. 这是我们的FOB价格单。单上所有价格以我方最后确认为准。 In general, our prices are given on a FOB basis. 通常我们的报价都是FOB价 Our prices compare most favorably with quotations you can get from other manufacturers. You’ll see that from our price sheet. The prices are subject to our confirmation, naturally. 我们的价格比其他制造商开价优惠得多。这一点你可以从我们的价格单看到，所有价格当然要经我方确认后方有效。 We offer you our best prices, at which we have done a lot business with other customers. 我们向你们报最优惠价，按此价我们已与其他客户做了大批生意。 Will you please tell us the specifications, quantity and packing you want, so that we can work out the offer ASAP. 请告诉我们贵方对规格、数量及包装的要求，以便我方尽快制定出报价。 This is the pricelist, but it serves as a guide line only. Is there anything you are particularly interested in. 这是价格表，但只供参考。是否有你特别感兴趣的商品？ Do you have specific request for packing? Here are the samples of packing available now, you may have a look. 你们对包装有什么特别要求吗？这是我们目前用的包装样品，你可以看下。 I wonder if you have found that our specifications meet your requirements. I’m sure the prices we submitted are competitive. 不知道您认为我们的规格是否符合你的要求？我敢肯定我们的价格是非常有竞争力的 Heavy enquiries witness the quality of our products. 大量询盘证明我们的产品质量过硬。 We regret that the goods you inquire about are not available. 很遗憾，你们所询货物目前无货。 My offer was based on reasonable profit, not on wild speculations. 我的报价以合理利润为依据，不是漫天要价。 Moreover, we’ve kept the price close to the costs of production. 再说，这已经把价格压到生产费用的边缘了。 Could you tell me which kind of payment terms you’ll choose? 能否告知你们将采用那种付款方式？ Would you accept delivery spread over a period of time? 不知你们能不能接受在一段时间内分批交货。展会谈判交流英语句型 A: I'm sorry to say that the price you quote is too high. It would be very difficult for us to push any sales if we buy it at this price. B: well, if you take quality into consideration, you won't think our price is too high. A: Let's meet each other half way. - 很遗憾你们报的价格太高，如果按这种价格买进，我方实在难以推销。 - 如果你考虑一下质量，你就不会觉得我们的价格太高了。 - 那咱们就各让一步吧。 A: I'm sorry to say that your price has soared. It's almost 20% higher than last year's. B: That's because the price of raw materials has gone up. A: I see. Thank you. - 很遗憾，贵方的价格猛长，比去年几乎高出20%。 - 那是因为原材料的价格上涨了。 - 我知道了，多谢。 A: How many do you intend to order? B: I want to order 900 dozen. A: The most we can offer you at present is 600 dozen. - 这种产品你们想订多少？ - 我们想订900打。 - 目前我们至多只能提供600打。 A: We have inspected the rice, and we're surprised to know that the weight is short. B: We sell our goods on loaded weight and not on landed weight. A: I see. - 这些大米我们检验过了，重量不够，我们感到奇怪。 - 我们出售商品是以装船重量为准，不是以卸货重量为准。 - 我知道了。 A: The next thing I'd like to bring up for discussion is packing. B: Please state your opinions about packing. A: All right. We wish our opinions on packing will be passed on to your manufacturers. - 下面我想就包装问题讨论一下。 - 请陈述你们的意见。 - 好，我们希望我们对包装的意见能传达到厂商。 A: You know, packing has a close bearing on sales. B: Yes, it also affects the reputation of our products. Buyers always pay great attention to packing. A: We wish the new packing will give our clients satisfaction. - 大家都知道，包装直接关系到产品的销售。 - 是的，它也会影响我们产品的信誉，买主总是很注意包装。 - 我们希望新包装会使我们的顾客满意。 A: How are the shirts packed? B: They're packed in cardboard boxes. A: I'm afraid the cardboard boxes are not strong enough for ocean transportation. - 衬衫怎样包装？ - 它们用纸板箱包装。 - 我担心远洋运输用纸板箱不够结实。 A: From what I've heard, you're already well up in shipping work. B: Yes, we arrange shipments to any part of the world. A: Do you do any chartering? - 据我所知，你方对运输工作很在行。 - 是的，我们承揽去世界各地的货物运输。 - 你们租船吗？ A: How do you like the goods dispatched, by railway or by sea? B: By sea, please. Because of the high cost of railway transportation, we prefer sea transportation. A: That's what we think. - 你方将怎样发运货物，铁路还是海运？ - 请海运发货，铁路运输费用太高，我们愿意走海运。 - 我们正是这么想的。 A: When can you effect shipment? I'm terribly worried about late shipment. B: We can effect shipment in December or early next year at the latest. A: That's fine. - 你们什么时候能交货？我非常担心货物迟交。 - 我们最晚在今年十二月或明年初交货。 - 那很好。在双方谈判的过程中，一定要注意倾听对方的发言，如果对对方的观点表示了解，可以说： I see what you mean. （我明白您的意思。）如果表示赞成，可以说： That's a good idea. （是个好主意。）或者说： I agree with you. （我赞成。）如果是有条件地接受，可以用on the condition that这个句型，例如： We accept your proposal, on the condition that you order 20,000 units. （如果您订2万台，我们会接受您的建议。）在与外商，尤其是欧美国家的商人谈判时，如果有不同意见，最好坦白地提出来而不要拐弯抹角，比如，表示无法赞同对方的意见时，可以说： I don't think that's a good idea. （我不认为那是个好主意。）或者 Frankly, we can't agree with your proposal. （坦白地讲，我无法同意您的提案。）如果是拒绝，可以说： We're not prepared to accept your proposal at this time. （我们这一次不准备接受你们的建议。）有时，还要讲明拒绝的理由，如 To be quite honest, we don't believe this product will sell very well in China. （说老实话，我们不相信这种产品在中国会卖得好。）谈判期间，由於言语沟通问题，出现误解也是在所难免的：可能是对方误解了你，也可能是你误解了对方。在这两种情况出现後，你可以说： No, I'm afraid you misunderstood me. What I was trying to say was... （不，恐怕你误解了。我想说的是……）或者说： Oh, I'm sorry, I misunderstood you. Then I go along with you.

疯狂英语：68句

honway (@honway) — Wed, 14 Dec 2016 22:04:46 -0800

1. Any more?还有吗？/ 还要吗？ 2. Are you alone?你一个人吗？ 3. Are you ready?你准备好了吗？ 4. Be my guest.别客气！/ 请用! 5. Can you believe it?你能相信吗？ 6. Don't argue!不要争辩! 7. Don't be childish.别那么孩子气。 8. Don't bother.不必麻烦。 9. Don't get upset!（不要烦恼！） 10. Don't mind me.（别管我。） 11. Did you get it?（你懂了吗？） 12. Forget it!（算了吧！） 13. Enjoy yourself!（尽情享受吧！） 14. Get off my back!（我受够了!/ 别烦我!） 15. Go ahead!（去吧！/ 请便！） 16. He gave me the cold shoulder.（他对我很冷漠。） 17. He hit the roof!（他勃然大怒！） 18. He was a fake.（他是个骗子。） 19. He's bad medicine.（他是个丧门星。） 20. Here you go.（就是这样。） 21. I am sorry to be late.（对不起我迟到了。） 22. I disagree.（我不同意。） 23. I don't care.（我不在乎。） 24. I have no problem with that.（对此我没有问题。） 25. I wish it were true（我希望这是真的。） 26. I'd be the last to know.= How would I know? / I really don't know. / I have no idea/ I'm the wrong personto ask（我怎么知道？/ 我真的不知道。/ 你问错人了。 27. I'd rather not.（我不愿意。） 28. I'll say.（就是嘛！） 29. I'm full.（我吃饱了。） 30. It slipped my mind.（我记不起来了。） 31. It really got to me（我太感动了。） 32. It was all in vain.（一切都枉费心机。） 33. It is beyond my means.（我买不起。） 34. It's a different way of life.（这是不同的生活方式.） 35. It's a fact.（这是事实。） 36. It's a good idea.（是个好主意。） 37. It's all the same to me.（对我来说都一样。） 38. It's driving me crazy.（简直要把我逼疯了。） 39. It's getting worse!（越来越糟了！） 40. It's inevitable.（这是不可避免的。） 41. It's my treat!（我请客！） 42. It's not going to happen again.（这种事不会再发生了。 43. It's painful to admit it.（承认这一点是痛苦的。 44. It's natural.（这很自然。） 45. It's up for sale.（这是供出售的。） 46. Keep quiet!（安静！） 47. Keep out.（切勿入内！） 48. Let me explain.（让我来解释。） 49. Let's keep in touch（让我们保持联系。） 50. Like what?（比方说？） 51. May I go now?（我可以走了吗？） 52. Mind your own business.（不要多管闲事。） 54. Never again!（永远不再！） 55. Never mind.（算了；没关系。） 56. No problem!（没问题！） 57. Not in my lifetime!（不可能！） 58. Now I understand.（现在我明白了。） 59. Only yourself to blame.（只能怪你自己。） 60. Parking is impossible!（请勿停车！） 61. Please forgive me.（请原谅我。） 62. See you soon.（呆会儿见。） 63. So far, so good.（目前为止，一切顺利。） 64. So what?（那又怎么样？） 65. Stay out of it.（你别管。） 66. Take it easy.（别着急。） 67. That depends.（那要看情况。） 68. That doesn't make sense.（那是胡说。）

疯狂英语：100句型

honway (@honway) — Wed, 14 Dec 2016 22:04:13 -0800

1. Allow me to… Allow me to introduce our manager, Stone Lee 请允许我介绍一下我们的经理，李石头先生。 2. Any idea…你知道……吗？ Any idea what time it is ? 你知道现在几点了？ 3. Are you fond of…你喜欢……吗？ Are you fond of children? 你喜欢孩子吗？ Are you fond of Chinese food? 你喜欢吃中国菜吗？ 4. as if…好象…… When I told them my plan, they looked at me as if I was crazy. 当我告诉他们我的计划之后，他们把我当疯子一样的看着我。 Don't talk to me as if I am stupid! 不要把我当笨蛋一样和我说话。 5. as long as…只要…… You can drive my car as long as you drive carefully. 只要你保证小心驾驶，我就让你开我的车。 A: As long as we're out we should stop and visit my mother. 只要我们出门，我们就应该去看望我母亲。 B: OK, as long as we don't have to stay long! 好吧，只要我们不必呆得太久。 6. as soon as…一 …… 就…… I'll come as soon as I finish. 我一做完就来。 7. ask… for…向某人要…… He asked me for money. 他向我要钱。 8. be able to…能够…… I haven't been able to sleep very well recently. 最近我总是睡不好。 9. be against…反对…… Are you against me? 你反对我吗？ 10. be away from…离开…… Actually, I really hate being away from my family so much. 事实上,我真讨厌经常离开我的家人。 11. …be going well. ……很顺利。 Everything is going well. 一切都很顺利。 12. believe in …信仰…… I don't believe in ghosts. 我不相信有鬼。 13. By the time… 到……时候 By the time we got to the movie theater the film had already started. 当我们到了电影院的时候，电影都开始了。 14. Can I remind you to我想提醒你…… Can I remind you to call me at 7 tomorrow morning? 我想提醒你一下，明早七点叫醒我。 15. can't afford to…无法承受…… We couldn't afford to keep our car, so we sold it. 我们养不起我们那辆车，只好卖掉了。 16. can't agree… more完全同意…… I couldn't agree with you more. 我完全同意你的意见. 17. Do you approve of…? 你赞成/同意……吗？ Do you approve of the new manager? 你认同这个新上任的经理吗？ 18. Do you have…? 你有……吗？ Do you have anything to say? 你有什么话要说？ 19. Do you know how to…? 你会……吗？ Do you know how to cook? 你会做饭吗？ 20. Do you recall…? 你记得……吗？ Do you recall the name of the book? 你记得书的名字吗？ 21. enough…to…足够做…… I haven't got enough money to go on vacation. 我没有足够的钱去度假。 I don't have enough time to waste talking to you! 我没有太多时间可以浪费来和你说话。 22. get something done叫别人做某事。 When are you going to get the roof repaired? 你准备什么时候叫人来修屋顶？ 23.have difficulty in…在……方面有困难。 People often have great difficulty in reading my writing. 通常人们都很难看清我写的字。 24. have never…before. 从来没有…… He has never driven a car before. 他从来没有开过车。 25. haven't…for a long time. 好久没有…… We haven't seen each other for a long time. 我们好久没见了。 26. haven't…so far. 目前为止还没有…… We haven't had any problem so far. 目前为止我们还没有遇到任何问题。 27. How often…? 什么时候 …… 一次？ How often do you go to the movies? 你多久去看一次电影？ How often do you go out to eat? How often do you visit your parents? 你多久在外面吃一次饭？你多久去看望你父母一次？ How often do you call your wife? How often do you read the newspaper? 你多久给你妻子打一次电话？你多久看一次报纸？ 28. How was…? ……怎么样？ How was your trip to America? 你的美国之旅怎么样？ 29. I'm always doing… 我总是…… I'm always losing things. 我总是丢东西。 I'm always forgetting people's names. 我总是忘记别人的名字。 30. I'm calling to… 我打电话来…… I'm calling to confirm your booking. 我打电话来确认你的订票 I'm calling to ask about the advertisement I read in today's paper. 我打电话来询问我今天在报纸上看到的广告。 I'm calling to request a catalogue. I'm calling to file a complaint. 我打电话来索取目录册。我打电话来投诉。 31. I'm good at…我擅长…… I'm good at English. I'm good at cooking. 我擅长英语。我擅长做菜。 I'm good at judging other people. I'm good at remembering names. 我擅长判断别人。我擅长记住别人的名字。 32. I'm here to…我是来这里…… I'm here to let you know the truth. 我是来这里告诉你真相的 33. I'm interested in…我对……感兴趣。 I'm interested in the Internet. 我对互联网很感兴趣。 I'm interested in everything. 我对所有的事都感兴趣。 34. I'm looking for…我在找…… I'm looking for Stone. Do you know where he is? 我在找石头, 你知道他在哪儿吗？ 35. I'm making every effort to…我尽力…… I'm making every effort to impress my new boss. 我正在尽一切努力给我的新老板留下深刻的印象。 36. I'm opposed to…我反对…… Actually, I'm strongly opposed to the plan. 事实上，我强烈反对这项计划。 37. I'm sorry to…感到难过 I'm sorry to hear that your father is ill. 听说你父亲病了，我感到很难过。 38. I'm thinking of…我在考虑…… I'm thinking of buying a car. 我在考虑买辆车。 I'm thinking of moving to Australia. I'm thinking of getting married. 我在考虑移民去澳大利亚我在考虑结婚。 I'm thinking of changing my job. 我在考虑跳槽。 "I'm thinking of…" 是表达自己的计划、想法的最佳句型。 39. I'm trying to…我正在试图…… I am trying to find a job but it's not easy. 我正在试图找份工作，但是并不容易。 40. I apologize for…我对……表示歉意。 I apologize for what I said about you. 我对我说过你的闲话向你表示歉意。 41. I can't believe…我不敢相信…… I can't believe what I'm hearing. 我简直不敢相信我的耳朵 42. I can't understand我搞不懂…… I can't understand why he's so selfish. 我搞不懂他怎么会这么自私。 43. I come from…我来自…… I come from Beijing, China. 我来自中国北京。 44. I don't think…我认为……不…… I don't think that's a good idea. 我认为那不是个好主意。 I don't think we should wait for him. 我认为我们不应该等他。 45. I'd rather…than…我宁可……而不…… I'd rather stay at home tonight than go to the movies. 今晚我宁可呆在家里，也不愿去看电影。 46. I have a passion for…我对……很痴迷。 I have a passion for soccer. 我对足球特别感兴趣。 I have a passion for sweet food! 我特别喜欢甜食。 47. I have no experience in…我没有……的经验。 I have no experience in dating girls. 我没有和女孩子约会的经验。 48. I have nothing to do with… ……与我无关。 I have nothing to do with the matter. 这件事与我无关。 I have nothing to do with my old classmates anymore. 我和我的老同学都不再有联系了。 49. I insist… …我坚持… I insist that you let me pay for the meal. 我坚持由我来买单。 50. I must have been… The phone rang but I didn't hear it. I must have been asleep. 我肯定是…… 电话响了，但是我没听到。我肯定是睡着了。 I must have been crazy to fall in love with you! 我肯定是疯狂地爱上你了 51. I prefer…to…我更喜欢……而不…… I prefer driving to travelling by train. 我更喜欢自己开车而不愿坐火车旅行。 I prefer the weather in Guangzhou to the weather in Beijing. 和北京的天气比起来，我更喜欢广州的天气。 52. I promise…我发誓…… I promise that I won't tell anybody what you said. 我发誓我决不会将你对我说的话告诉任何人。 53. I refuse to…我拒绝…… I refuse to answer such a silly question. 我拒绝回答这么愚蠢的问题。 54. I regret doing…我后悔…… I now regret saying what I said. 现在我为自己说过的话感到后悔。 55. I regret to…我很抱歉…… I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you the job. 我很抱歉地通知你，我们无法向你提供这份工作。 56. I suggest…我建议…… It's a nice day. I suggest that we go out for a walk. 今天天气真好，我建议大家出去散步。 I suggest you study more and fool around less. 我建议你多学习少到处游荡。 I suggest you apply for your visa as early as possible. 我建议你尽早去申请签证 I suggest that you take better care of your health. 我建议你多加注意你的健康。 57. I used to… I used to watch TV a lot. 我过去常常…… 我过去常看电视。 I used to smoke, but I quit two years ago. 我过去常吸烟，但是两年前戒掉了。 I used to worry all the time.; 我以前总是担心这担心那的。 I used to make a lot less money than I do now. 我以前比我现在挣的钱少多了。 I used to think learning English was a waste of time. 我以前认为学英语是浪费时间。 58. I've already…我已经…… I've already been there. 我已经去过那里了。 I've already told you three times! 我已经告诉过你三次了 59. I've got…我有…… I've got a new car. 我有辆新车。 60. I've just…我刚刚… I've just had lunch. 刚刚吃过午饭。 61. I've no idea …我不知道…… I've no idea what he is like. 我不知道他这个人什么样 62. I was told…我听说…… I was told the meeting is cancelled. 我听说会议取消了。 63. I wish…我祝愿/希望…… I wish you good luck. 祝你好运。 64. If I did…, I would如果我……，我一定会…… If I knew his number, I would phone him. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我一定会打电话给他 If I had enough money, I would buy a car. 如果我有钱的话，我一定会去买部车。 65. in case…以免/以防…… I'll draw a map for you in case you can't find our house. 我还是画张地图给你，以免你找不着我们家。 Here's my number in case you're ever in town and you need anything. 这是我的电话号码，以防你来到小镇上需要什么帮助。 66. In spite of…尽管…… In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our vacation. 尽管下着雨，我们还是尽情享受假日。 He managed to get into college in spite of his bad grades. 尽管他的考分很低，他还是想方设法进了大学。 67. Is there…? 有……吗？ Is there anyone you know who can do this job? 你知道有谁能做这件事吗？ 68. …isn't for me. ……不是我所喜欢的。 Baseball isn't for me.; 棒球不是我所喜欢的运动 69.It is expected that预计/估计…… It is expected that the weather will be good soon. 估计天气很快会好起来。 70. It is getting…渐渐地 …… It is getting dark. Let's go home. 天快黑了，我们回家吧! 71. It is impossible to不可能…… Your writing is awful. It is impossible to read it. 你的字写得太糟了，完全没法读。 72. It is said that…据说…… It is said that she works 16 hours a day. 据说她每天工作16个小时 It is said that English is the international language 听说英语是国际语言。 73. It's a waste of time/money doing…;……真是浪费时间/金钱！ It's a waste of money buying things you don't need. 你买些自己不需要的东西真是浪费金钱。 It's a waste of time memorizing grammar rules and lifeless vocabulary words. 去记忆语法规则和浩瀚的词汇，真是浪费时间。 74. It's no use………没有用。 There's nothing you can do about the situation. 既然你没法改变这个情况 It's no use worrying about it. 老是担心也没用。 75. It's not worth…不值得… The film isn't very good. It's not worth seeing. 这场电影不怎么好，不值得看。 76.It's the first time这是第一次…… It's the first time he has driven a car. 这是他第一次开车。 77. It's time… …是时候做… It's late. It's time we went home. 天晚了，我们该回家了。 It's time we took better care of the environment. 是我们该好好保护环境的时候了。 78. It looks like…看上去…… It looks like it's going to be a dreary day. 看上去一天都会阴沉沉的 79. It might…可能会…… It might rain. We'd better take an umbrella. 可能会下雨，我们最好带把伞! 80. Maybe you should… 我想你应该…… Maybe you should quit smoking.; 我想你应该戒烟。 Maybe you should ask someone for directions 我想你应该向别人问问路 81. might as well…不防/不如…… I am so tired. We might as well get a taxi. 我太累了，我们不如搭出租车吧! It's so late, we might as well forget about seeing the movie. 太晚了，我们不如不要去看电影了吧! 82. not…any more/longer不再…… Ann doesn't work here any more / longer. She left last month. 安已经不在这里工作了。她上个月就离开了。 83. not…until…直到……才…… I didn't get up until half past ten. 直到十点半我才起床。 I didn't believe you until it was too late! 直到一切都来不及了我才相信了你。 84.Say hello to…for me替我向……问好。 Say hello to your parents for me. 替我向你父母问好。 85. so that…以便…… She's learning English so that she can study in America. 她正在学英语，以便可以去美国读书。 I'm trying to speak slowly so that you will understand me better.; 我尽量说慢点，以便你更加清楚地明白我的意思。 86. The…, the better…越……就越好。 The warmer the weather the better I feel. 天气越温暖，我感觉越好 The farther away you are, the better you look! 你离得越远，看起来就越帅。 87. There is no doubt about…;无疑…… There is no doubt about his role in the robbery. 他无疑参与了这桩抢劫案 88.There's no point in ……毫无意义。 There is no point in complaining. 抱怨毫无意义。 They can't do anything to help you. 他们没办法帮助你。 89.There is no reason to…;没有理由…… Come on! There is no reason to feel discouraged. 没事！你不用泄气。 90. too…for…对某人来说太…… This shirt is too big for me. 这件衬衣对我来说太大了 91. unless…除非……否则…… You can't go in unless you are a member. 除非你是会员，否则不得入内。 We can't help you unless you tell us what the problem is. 除非你告诉我们出了什么问题，否则我们帮不了你 92. …very often. 经常…… Ann doesn't drink coffee very often. 安并不常常喝咖啡。 I don't lose my temper very often, but when I do, look out! 我并不是常常发脾气，但是我发脾气的时候，你要小心点! 93. What kind of…什么样的…… What kind of food do you like best? 你最喜欢吃什么？ What kind of perfume are you wearing? What kind of books do you like to read? 你喷的是什么香水？你喜欢看什么书？ 94. What time…什么时候…… What time do the banks close in Hong Kong? 香港的银行什么时候关门 What time are you leaving for Beijing tomorrow? 你明天什么时候去北京？ 95. What's…like? ……怎么样？ What's Stone Lee like? What's living in China like? 李石头这人怎么样？住在中国怎么样？ What's your new boss like? What's your mother-in-law like? 你的新老板怎么样？你岳母这人怎么样？ 96.Would it be correct to…;……对吗？ Would it be correct to say that San Francisco has a large Chinese population? 旧金山有很多中国人，对吗？ 97. Would you please…你可不可以…… Would you please be quiet? I'm trying to concentrate. 你可不可以安静一点？我没法集中精神。 Would you please give me your number? 你可不可以告诉我你的电话号码？ 98. You must be…你一定…… You've been traveling all day. You must be tired. 你整天都在旅途中，一定累了吧。 You walked home in the dark by yourself? You must be crazy! 你一个人在黑夜中独自走回家？你一定是疯了! 99. You'd better…你最好…… You'd better work harder. 你最好工作努力点。 You'd better believe me. You'd better take a break. 你最好相信我。你最好休息一下。 You'd better listen to your mother. 你最好听你妈妈的话。 100. You're bound to…你肯定…… You're bound to have a good vacation. 你肯定会有一个愉快的假日。 You're bound to forget something if you leave in a hurry. 如果你离开得太匆忙，你肯定会忘东西的。 You're bound to improve your English if you learn useful sentence patterns! 如果你学习实用的句型，你的英语肯定会进步的。

英语单词分类记

honway (@honway) — Wed, 14 Dec 2016 22:01:55 -0800

英语单词分类记学科： mathematics n.数学 arts n.文科 anthology n.选集 calligraphy n.书法 science n.理科 history n.历史 geometry n.几何 geography n.地理 geology n.地质学 biology n.生物学 botany n.植物学 chemistry n.化学 physics n.物理学 literature n.文学 sociology n.社会学 philology n.语文学 philosophy n.哲学 psychology n.心理学 physiology n.生理学 philanthropy n.慈善 psychiatry n.精神病学 engineering n.工程学 medicine n.医学 agriculture n.农学 astronomy n.天文学 astrophysics n.天体物理学 economics n.经济 politics n.政治学 law n.法学 finance n.财政学 architecture n.建筑学 archaeology n.考古学 anthropology n.人类学 humanities n.人文科学艺术流派： Byzantine n.拜占庭 a.拜占庭式的 Romanesque n. 罗马式 a.罗马式的 Gothic n. 哥特式. a.哥特式的 Baroque n.巴洛克时期 a.巴洛克式的 classicism n.古典主义,古典风 romanticism n.浪漫主义 realism n.现实主义 symbolism n.象征主义 impressionism n.印象主义 expressionism n.表现主义 fauvism n.野兽派 abstractionism n.抽象派艺术 cubism n.立体派艺术 naturalism n.自然主义 existentialism n.存在主义 communism n.共产主义 socialism n.社会主义 feudalism n.封建主义文学： author n.作者 essay n.随笔 reportage n.报告文学 criticism n.评论 anthology n.选集 edition n.版 work n.作品 masterpiece n.杰作 copyright n.版权, 著作权 writer n.作家 volume n.卷 drama n.话剧,戏剧 comedy n.喜剧 tragedy n.悲剧 farce n.滑稽剧 play n.剧本 playwright n.编剧,剧作家 performance n.演出 act n.幕 scene n.场 plot n.情节 intrigue n.错综复杂的剧情 story n.故事 episode n.插曲,一段情节 denouement n.结局 poetry n.诗歌 poet n.诗人 poem n.诗 ode n.颂歌 verse n.(诗)节 line n.(诗)行 rhyme n.韵脚,押韵 prose n.散文 novel n.小说 fiction n.小说 biography n.自传 fable n.寓言 science fiction n.科幻小说 satire n.讽刺文学 essay n.杂文 composition n.学术著作,作文 improvisation n.即席讲演,演奏 criticism n.批判,批评 critic n.批评家 eloquence n.口才 lyricism n.抒情性绘画雕塑： gallery n.画廊,美术馆 salon n.沙龙 exhibition n.展览 collection n.收藏 inspiration n.灵感,启发 artist n.大师, 艺术家 pigment n.颜料 painter n.画家 oil painting n.油画 watercolor n.水彩画 wash n.水墨画 engraving n.版画 tracing n.临摹 sketch n.草稿 portrait n.画像 model n.模特 caricature n.讽刺漫画 cartoon n.卡通 nude n.裸体画 profile n.轮廓 landscape n.风景画 seascape n.海景画 frame n.画框 canvas n.画布 studio n.画室 sculpture n.雕刻 carving n.雕刻 statue n.人像 figure n.塑像 bronze n.铜像音乐： soprano n.女高音 alto n.女低音 baritone n.男中音 bass n.男低音,贝司 tenor n.男高音 bassoon n.低音管 brass n.铜管乐器 classical music n.古典音乐 conductor n.指挥 flute n.长笛 harmonica n.口琴 jazz n.爵士乐 opera n.歌剧 orchestra n.管弦乐队 solo n.独奏,独唱 soloist n.独唱者 symphony n.交响乐 pop n.流行歌曲 rock n.摇滚乐服饰： clothes n.衣服,服装 clothing n.服装 suit n.男西装 dress n.女服 uniform n.制服 coat n.外套 jacket n.夹克 pocket n.衣袋 sleeve n.袖子 shirt n.衬衫 sweater n.毛衣,运动衫 trousers n.裤子 skirt n.裙子 slip n.衬裙 handkerchief n.手帕 shoe n.鞋 sole n.鞋底 heel n.鞋后跟 boot n.靴子 glove n.手套 tie n.领带 cap n.无沿帽 hat n.大沿帽 cotton n.棉花 canvas n.帆布 silk n.丝 wool n.羊毛,毛料 nylon n.尼龙 stripe n.条纹 veil n.面纱 ring n.戒指 necklace n.项链 perfume n.香水 purse n.手提包,钱包 garment n.外衣 cloak n.斗篷 muffler n.围巾 jeans n.牛仔裤 bra n.乳罩 stocking n.长袜 belt n.腰带 sock n.短袜 bikini n.比基尼泳衣 apron n.围裙 slipper n.拖鞋 beret n.贝蕾帽 linen n.亚麻 pendant n.项饰 earring n.耳环 lipstick n.口红 wig n.假发 tissue n.面巾纸 brooch n.胸针 shawl n.披肩 raincoat n.雨衣 button n.扣子 collar n.领子 wallet n.钱包 blouse n.女外套,女衬衫 communist n.共产主义者 socialist n.社会主义者 capitalist n.资本家职业： actor n.男演员 actress n.女演员 singer n.歌手 dancer n.舞蹈家 musician n.乐家 pianist n.钢琴家 painter n.画家,油漆匠 teacher n.教师 professor n.教授 headmaster n.中小学校长 headmistress n.中小学女校长 director n.导演 editor n.编辑 writer n.作家 reporter n.记者 announcer n.广播员 journalist n.杂志记者 worker n.工人 farmer n.农夫 fisherman n.渔夫 chemist n.化学家,药剂师 engineer n.工程师 explorer n.探险家 researcher n.研究员 doctor n.医生,博士 nurse n.护士 surgeon n.外科医生 physician n.内科医生 sailor n.水手 seaman n.船员 pilot n.飞行员,领航员 astronaut n.宇航员 driver n.驾驶员 athlete n.运动员 policeman n.警察 detective n.侦探 judge n.法官 lawyer n.律师 attorney n.律师 cook n.厨子,厨师 baker.面包师 waiter n.侍者 waitress n.女服务生 butcher n.屠夫 clerk n.办事员 typist n.打字员 secretary n.秘书 salesman n.售货员,推销员 shopkeeper n.零售商,店主 bookseller n.书商 tailor n.裁缝 soldier n.军人 postman n.邮差 mailman n.邮差 firefighter n.消防人员 conductor n.乘务员 librarian n.图书管理员 baby-sitter n.保姆 apprentice n.学徒 artisan n.工匠 craftsman n.工匠 specialist n.专家 employer n.雇主,老板 receptionist n.接待员,前台服务员 operator n.电话接线员 interpreter n.翻译 photographer n.摄影师 playwright n.剧作家 linguist n.语言学家 botanist n.植物学家 economist n.经济学家 chemist n.化学家 scientist n.科学家 sociologist n.社会学家 philosopher n.哲学家 politician n.政治学家 physicist n.物理学家 archaeologist n.考古学家 geologist n.地质学家 mathematician n.数学家 biologist n.生物学家 zoologist n.动物学家 statistician n.统计学家 physiologist n.生理学家 futurologist n.未来学家 artist n.艺术家 n.作曲家 designer n.设计家 sculptor .雕刻家 designer n.服装设计师 model n.模特 poet n.诗人 merchant n.商人 stewardess n.空中小姐 air hostess n.空中小姐 porter n.行李夫 architect n.建筑师 druggist n.药剂师 guide n.导游 dentist n.牙科医生 supervisor n.监工国家和语言： America n.美国,美洲 Arab n.阿拉伯人 Australia n.澳洲,澳大利亚 Austria n.奥地利 Britain n.英国 Canada n.加拿大 China n.中国 Egypt n.埃及 England n.英格兰 France n.法国 Germany n.德国 Greece n.希腊 Holland n.荷兰 India n.印度 Ireland n.爱尔兰 Italy n.意大利 Japan n.日本 Spain n.西班牙 Sweden n.瑞典 Swiss n.瑞士人 Switzerland n.瑞士 Brazil n.巴西 Finland n.芬兰 Norway n.挪威 Russia n.俄国 Belgium n.比利时 American n.美国人 a.美国的,美洲的 Chinese n.中国人,汉语 a.中国的 Egyptian n.埃及人 a.埃及的 English n.英语 a.英国的 French n.法国人,法文 a.法国的 German n.德国人,德语 a.德国的 Greek n.希腊人,希腊文 a.希腊的 Irish n.爱尔兰人,爱尔兰语 a.爱尔兰的 Italian n.意大利人,意大利语 a.意大利的 Japanese n.日本人,日文 a.日本的 Spanish n.西班牙人,西班牙语 a.西班牙的 Dutch n.荷兰人,荷兰语 a.荷兰的政治： colony n.殖民地 democracy n.民主政治 dynasty n.朝代 extinction n.消灭 administration n.政府 invasion n.侵略 ambassador n.大使 anarchy n.无政府状态 announcement n.公告 autonomy n.自治 ballot n.选票 bill n.法案 bloodshed n.流血,屠杀 bureaucracy n.官僚政治 candidate n.候选人 cession n.割让（土地） commotion n.骚动,暴乱 community n.社区, contract n.协议 congress n.国会 congressman n.国会议员 conspiracy n.阴谋 conspirator n.同谋者 constitution n.宪法 consul n.领事 conventionn.惯例 cooperation n.合作 custom n.习惯,风俗,海关 delegate n.代表 delegation n.代表团 demonstration n.示威 deposition n.免职 tyrant n.暴君 tyranny n.暴政 dictator n.独裁者 dictatorship n.独裁政权 diplomacy n.外交政策 diplomat n.外交官 discrimination n.岐视 dominion n.领土,主权,统治 embassy n.大使馆 emperor n.皇帝 empire n.帝国 ferment n.动乱 government n.政府,内阁 governor n.统治者 hegemony n.霸权 ideology n.意识形态 kingdom n.王国 monarch n.帝王 monarchy n.君主政体 motion n.动议 movement n.运动 nationality n.国籍 pact n.协定,条约 petition n.请愿 philanthropy n.博爱,仁慈 policy n.政策,方针 poll n.民意测验 prejudice n.偏见 proposition n.建议 rebel n.叛乱者 rebellion n.叛乱 regime n.政权 republic n.共和国 resolution n.革命 slogan n.口号 sovereignty n.主权,独立国 spokesman n.发言人,代表者 statesman n.政治家 treaty n.条约 tumult n.骚动 turbulence n.骚动 turmoil n.骚动,混乱 upheaval n.暴动 uprising n.起义 usurper n.篡夺者 usurpation n.篡权 vote n.投票,选举经济： trust n.托拉斯 investment n.投资,资产 bank n.银行 check n.支票 transfer n.转让,转帐,过户 cash n.现金 change n.零钱 bill n.钞票,纸币 saving n.存款 quotation n.报价 share n.股份,股票 bond n.债券 interest n.利息 discount n.折扣 insurance n.保险 mortgage n.抵押 drawing n.取出存款 allowance n.补贴,补助金,津贴 subsidy n.补贴,补助金,津贴 output n.产出,产量 goods n.产品,货物 supply n.供应,补给 input n.投入 productivity n.生产率 cost n.成本,费用 expenditure n.开支,支出 income n.收入,收益 earnings n.利润,收益 duty n.税 tax n.税 commerce n.贸易 trade n.贸易 import n.进口 export n.出口 item n.项目,细目 manufacturer n.制造商,制造厂 merchant n.商人 consumer n.消费者,用户 client n.顾客,客户 customer n.顾客,客户 purchase n.购买,进货 sale n.销售 competition n.竞争 consumption n.消费 demand n.需求 offer n.报盘,发价 monopoly n.垄断 forecast n.预测 budget n.预算 estimate n.估价 turnover n.营业额,销售额 deficit n.亏空,赤字 sum n.总数,全额 amount n.总数,总值 bill n.汇票 receipt n.收据,发票货币： dollar n.美元 cent n.分 quarter n.二十五美分 buck n.一美元 mark n.马克(德国) pound n.英镑 coin n.硬币 bill n.纸币 franc n.法郎 pence n.便士 penny n.便士法律： law n.法律 draft n.法案,草案 bill n.议案 clause n.条款 legislation n.立法 legal a.合法的,依法的 abolish vt.废止,取消 judge n.法官 jury n.陪审团 lawyer n.律师,法律顾问 attorney n.律师,代理人 inquiry n.询问,调查 examination n.讯问,质问 evidence n.证据 arrest n.vt.逮捕 responsibility n.责任 liability n.责任 sue vt.起诉,控告 case n.诉讼,案件 suit n.诉讼,案件 complaint n.控告,申诉 justice n.正义,审判 trial n.审判 defendant n.被告 complainant n.原告 plead vt.辩护 claim n.vt.要求 plea n.恳求,辩护 charge n.vt.指控 proof n.证据,证词 sentence n.宣判,判决 convict n.囚犯,罪犯 vt.宣告有罪 appeal n.vi.上诉 crime n.罪行 offence n.违法, 犯罪 criminal n.罪犯 attempt n.未遂罪 threat n.恐吓,威胁 menace n.恐吓,威胁 murder n.vt.谋杀 plot n.结伙阴谋,共谋 theft n.盗窃 fraud n.欺诈 penalty n.处罚 prison n.监狱 jail n.监狱 prisoner n.囚犯 fine n.罚款 lease n.租约 will n.遗嘱 heir n.继承人 tutor n.监护人 guardian n.监护人家庭亲属： family n.家庭 marriage n.婚姻 couple n.夫妻 parent n.父母 single n.单身者 male a.男的 female a.女的 husband n.丈夫 father n.父亲 foster a.领养的 mother n.母亲 wife n.妻子 son n.儿子 grandson n.孙子,外孙 granddaughter n.孙女,外孙女 daughter n.女儿 child n.孩子 heir n.继承人 brother n.兄弟 sister n.姐妹 twin n.双胞胎的一人 grandfather n.祖父 grandmother n.祖母 granny n.奶奶,外婆 grandma n.奶奶,外婆 grandpa n.爷爷,外公 son-in-law n.女婿 daughter-in-law n.儿媳 father-in-law n.岳父（公公） mother-in-law n.岳母（婆婆） stepfather n.继父 stepmother n.继母 uncle n.叔父,伯父,舅父,姑父 aunt n.婶母,伯母,舅母,姑母 nephew n.侄儿,外甥 niece n.侄女,外甥女 cousin n.堂兄妹,表兄妹 generation n.代 descent n.后代,后辈 offspring n.后代,后辈 fiancee n.未婚妻 fiance n.未婚夫身体： head n.头 hair n.头发 face n.脸 cheek n.脸颊 ear n.耳 eye n.眼 lid n.眼睑 Nose n.鼻子 mouth n.嘴 lip n.嘴唇 throat n.咽喉 tonsil n.扁桃腺 tooth n.牙齿 denture n.假齿 gum n.牙龈 tongue n.舌头 neck n.脖子 skull n.颅骨, 头盖骨 brain n.脑 chin n.下巴 forehead n.额头 temple n.太阳穴 mustache n.小胡子 beard n.山羊胡 whisker n.络腮胡 sidebums n.鬓角 bald head n.秃头 wrinkle n.皱纹 mole n.痣 freckle n.雀斑 dimple n.酒涡 pimple n.粉刺 nipple n.乳头 chest n.胸部 navel n.肚脐 abdomen n.腹部 shoulder n.肩 back n.背 waist n.腰 hip n.臀部 buttock n.屁股 ass n.屁股 collarbone n.锁骨 rib n.肋骨 backbone n.脊骨, 脊柱 breastbone n.胸骨 joint n.关节 pelvis n.骨盆 sinew n.腱 muscle n.肌肉 bone n.骨 skeleton n.骨骼,骨架 penis n.阴茎 testicle n.睾丸 blood vessel n.血管 vein n.静脉 artery n.动脉 capillary n.毛细血管 nerve n.神经 spinal marrow n.脊髓 kidney n.肾脏 windpipe n.气管 lung n.肺 heart n.心脏 diaphragm n.隔膜 organ n.器官 gullet n.食道 stomach n.胃 liver n.肝脏 gall n.胆囊 bladder n.膀胱 pancreas n.胰腺 spleen n.脾 duodenum n.十二指肠 intestine n.肠 small intestine n.小肠 large intestine n.大肠 appendix n.盲肠 rectum n.直肠 anus n.肛门 urethra n.尿道 ovary n.卵巢 womb n.子宫 vagina n.阴道 urine n.尿 shit n.大便 thumb n.大拇指 forefinger n.食指 middle finger n.中指 third finger n.无名指 little finger n.小指 palm n.手掌 nail n.指甲 fist n.拳头 knuckle n.指关节 wrist n.手腕 elbow n.肘 armpit n.腋下 thigh n.大腿 kneecap n.膝盖骨 knee n.膝盖 crus n.小腿 calf n.小腿肚 leg n.腿 foot n.脚 instep n.脚背 toes n.脚趾 ankle n.踝 heel n.脚后跟 sole n.脚底 arch n.脚掌心疾病： disease n.疾病 anemia n.贫血 appendicitis n.阑尾炎 arthritis n.关节炎 bronchitis n.支气管炎 cancer n.癌 cholera n.霍乱 cold n.感冒, 伤风, 着凉 diabetes n.糖尿病 diphtheria n.白喉 eczema n.湿疹 epilepsy n.癫痫 gangrene n.坏疽 headache n.头痛 hemiplegy n.偏瘫, 半身不遂 indigestion n.消化不良 influenza n.流感 flu n.流感 insanity n.精神病 leukaemia n.白血病 malaria n.疟疾 malnutrition n.营养不良 measles n.麻疹 mumps n.流行性腮腺炎 neuralgia n.神经痛 neurasthenia n.神经衰弱 paralysis n.麻痹 peritonitis n.腹膜炎 pharyngitis n.咽炎 phtisis n.痨病, 肺结核 pneumonia n.肺炎 poliomyelitis n.小儿麻痹症 rabies n.狂犬病 rheumatism n.风湿病 scarlet fever n.猩红热 septicemia n.败血病 smallpox n.天花 syphilis n.梅毒 tetanus n.破伤风 tumor n.瘤 typhus n.疹伤寒 hepatitis n.肝炎 nephritis n.肾炎体育运动： dash n.短跑 race n.赛跑 high jump n.跳高 long jump n.跳远 throwing n.投掷运动 walk n.竞走 football n.足球（美式橄榄球） basketball n.篮球 volleyball n.排球 badminton n.羽毛球 tennis n.网球 table tennis n.乒乓球 baseball n.棒球 wrestling n.摔交 boxing n.拳击 soccer n.足球 chess n.象棋 bridge n.桥牌 marathon n.马拉松 pole vault n.撑竿跳 shot put n.推铅球 discus n.铁饼 hammer n.链球 javelin n.标枪 gymnastics n.体操 horizontal bar n.单杠 parallel bars n.双杠 rings n.吊环 weight-lifting n.举重 judo n.柔道 fencing n.击剑 skiing n.滑雪 skating n.滑冰 figure skating n.花样滑冰 bobsleigh n.雪橇 handball n.手球 hockey n.曲棍球 golf n.高尔夫球 cricket n.板球 ice hockey n.冰球 swim n.游泳 breaststroke n.蛙泳 backstroke n.仰泳 freestyle n.自由泳 diving n.跳水 water polo n.水球 rowing n.划船 canoe n.划艇 sailing n.帆船运动 rally n.汽车拉力赛植物鲜花： azalea n.杜鹃花 begonia n.秋海棠 cactus n.仙人掌 camellia n.山茶花 canna n.美人蕉 carnation n.康乃馨 chrysanthemum n.菊花 dahlia n.大丽花 daisy n.雏菊 datura n.曼陀罗 hawthorn n.山楂 jasmine n.茉莉 lilac n.丁香 lily n.百合 morning glory n.牵牛花 narcissus n.水仙花 orchid n.兰花 peony n.牡丹 poppy n.罂粟花 redbud n.紫荆 rose n.玫瑰 rose n.月季 tulip n.郁金香 violet n.紫罗兰 sunflower n.葵花 lotus n.荷花 dandelion n.蒲公英水果： apple n.苹果 pear n.梨 apricot n.杏 peach n.桃 grape n.葡萄 banana n.香蕉 pineapple n.菠萝 plum n.李子 watermelon n.西瓜 orange n.橙,桔子 lemon n.柠檬 mango n.芒果 strawberry n.草莓 loquat n.枇杷 mulberry n.桑椹 cherry n.樱桃 pomegranate n.石榴 fig n.无花果 persimmon n.柿子 walnut n.胡桃 hazelnut n.榛子 peanut n.花生 jujube n.枣 coconut n.可可 guava n.番石榴 sugarcane n.甘蔗树木： pine n.松 larch n.落叶松 cypress n.柏树 bamboo n.竹 poplar n.白杨 willow n.柳树 birch n.白桦 maple n.枫树 fir n.枞树 eucalytus n.桉树 locust n.洋槐 camphor tree n.樟树 sandalwood n.檀香木 elm n.榆木树 oak n.橡树 ginkgo n.银杏树 holly n.冬青 coco n.椰树 date n.枣椰树 hickory n.山核桃树 beech n.山毛榉 baobab n.猴面包树 palm n.棕榈树 laurel n.月桂树 ivy n.常春藤 olive n.橄榄树蔬菜： tomato n.番茄,西红柿 asparagus n.芦笋 cucumber n.黄瓜 eggplant n.茄子 bean n.菜豆 beetroot n.甜菜根 pepper n.胡椒 potato n.马铃薯 carrot n.胡萝卜 cauliflower n.花菜 pumpkin n.南瓜 cabbage n.圆白菜,卷心菜 chilli n.红辣椒 capsicum n.辣椒 garlic n.蒜 fennel n.茴香 melon n.香瓜,甜瓜 celery n.芹菜 onion n.葱 leek n.韭菜 radish n.萝卜 mushroom n.蘑菇 lettuce n.莴苣,生菜 pea n.豌豆 spinach n.菠菜家畜： bitch n.雌狗 horse n.马 mare n.母马 pony n.马驹 mule n.骡 donkey n.驴 ox n.牛 buffalo n.水牛 bull n.公牛 cow n.母牛 calf n.小牛, 牛犊 heifer n.小母牛 pig n.猪 swine n.猪 piglet n.猪崽 sheep n.羊 goat n.山羊 lamb n.羊羔,羔羊 dog n.狗 cat n.猫 kitty n.小猫 rabbit n.兔子 mouse n.家鼠 cock n.公鸡 hen n.母鸡 chicken n.鸡, 雏鸡 turkey n.火鸡 goose n.鹅 rooster n.公鸡 tomcat n.雄猫野生动物： zebra n.斑马 antelope n.羚羊 gazelle n.小羚羊 deer n.鹿 reindeer n.驯鹿 giraffe n.长颈鹿 baboon n.狒狒 camel n.骆驼 elephant n.象 rhinoceros n.犀牛 hippopotamus n.河马 panda n.熊猫 lion n.狮 lynx n.猞猁 panther n.豹 puma n.美洲豹 leopard n.豹 tiger n.虎 wildcat n.野猫 bison n.美洲野牛 yak n.牦牛 badger n.獾 weasel n.鼬,黄鼠狼 otter n.水獭 fox n.狐 hyena n.鬣狗 wolf n.狼 squirrel n.松鼠 beaver n.河狸 marmot n.土拨鼠 bear n.熊 hare n.野兔 rat n.鼠 mole n.鼹鼠 monkey n.猴子 chimpanzee n.黑猩猩 gorilla n.大猩猩 orangutan n.猩猩 gibbon n.长臂猿 anteater n.食蚁兽 platypus n.鸭嘴兽 kangaroo n.袋鼠 koala n.考拉, 树袋熊 hedgehog n.刺猬 porcupine n.箭猪, 豪猪 bat n.蝙蝠 whale n.鲸 dolphin n.海豚 seal n.海豹 walrus n.海象鸟类： phoenix n.凤凰 eagle n.鹰 condor n.秃鹰 hawk n.鹰 falcon n.隼 heron n.苍鹰 kite n.鹞 vulture n.秃鹫 peacock n.孔雀 duck n.鸭 pelican n.鹈鹕 cormorant n.鸬鹚 swan n.天鹅 wild goose n.雁 pigeon n.鸽子 pheasant n.雉, 野鸡 quail n.鹌鹑 ostrich n.鸵鸟 stork n.鹳 seagull n.海鸥 albatross n.信天翁 kingfisher n.翠鸟 woodpecker n.啄木鸟 parrot n.鹦鹉 cuckoo n.杜鹃,布谷鸟 crow n.乌鸦 magpie n.喜鹊 swallow n.燕子 sparrow n.麻雀 nightingale n.夜莺 canary n.金丝雀 starling n.八哥 thrush n.画眉 robin n.知更鸟 lark n.云雀 penguin n.企鹅 owl n.枭,猫头鹰 throstle n.画眉鸟其他： goldfish n.金鱼 sperm n.巨头鲸 carp n.鲤鱼 crucian n.鲫鱼 chub n.鲢鱼 eel n.鳗鱼 herring n.青鱼, 鲱鱼 mullet n.黑鱼 perch n.鲈鱼 salmon n.鲑鱼 trout n.鳟鱼 anchovy n.凤尾鱼 codfish n.鳕鱼 sardine n.沙丁鱼 sailfish n.旗鱼 sea horse n.海马 shark n.鲨鱼 tunny n.金枪鱼 prawn n.明虾 shrimp n.虾 crayfish n.小龙虾, 喇蛄 lobster n.龙虾 crab n.蟹 ant n.蚂蚁 termite n.白蚁 bee n.蜜蜂 honeybee n.蜜蜂 wasp n.黄蜂, 胡蜂 beetle n.甲壳虫 fly n.苍蝇 horsefly n.厩蝇,牛虻 flea n.跳蚤 louse n.虱子, 白虱 spider n.蜘蛛 mosquito n.蚊 wiggler n.孑孓 ladybug n.瓢虫 firefly n.萤火虫 cicada n.蝉 dragonfly n.蜻蜓 cricket n.蟋蟀 locust n.蝗虫 grasshopper n.蚱蜢 mantis n.螳螂 caterpillar n.毛虫 centipede n.蜈蚣 butterfly n.蝴蝶 moth n.蛾 bug n.臭虫 cockroach n.蟑螂 scorpion n.蝎子 earthworm n.蚯蚓 fishworm n.蚯蚓 leech n.蚂蝗, 水蛭 roundworm n.蛔虫 snake n.蛇 cobra n.眼镜蛇 python n.蟒蛇 rattlesnake n.响尾蛇 lizard n.蜥蜴 chameleon n.变色龙,避役 wall lizard n.壁虎 crocodile n.鳄鱼, 非洲鳄 turtle n.海龟 tortoise n.龟 frog n.青蛙 tadpole n.蝌蚪 toad n.蟾蜍 Snail n.蜗牛 cuttlefish n.乌贼 squid n.枪乌贼,鱿鱼 octopus n.章鱼 clam n.蚌 mussel n.淡菜,贻贝 oyster n.牡蛎 scallop n.扇贝 sea urchin n.海胆饮食： nutrition n.营养 appetite n.胃口 hunger n.饥饿 thirst n.口渴的 Hungry a.饥饿的 thirsty a.口渴的 glutton n.暴食者,大肚汉 gluttony n.暴食 greed n.贪嘴 overfeeding n.吃得过多 diet n.食谱 banquet n.宴会 breakfast n.早餐 lunch n.午餐 dinner n.正餐 supper n.晚饭 soup n.汤 entree n.主菜 dessert n.甜点 snack n.点心,小吃 can n.罐头 tin n.听 fruit n.水果 vegetable n.蔬菜 beancurd n.豆腐 crisp n.炸土豆片 chips n.炸薯条 milk n.奶 egg n.蛋肉类： meat n.肉 beef n.牛肉 veal n.小牛肉 lamb n.羊肉 mutton n.羊肉 steak n.牛排 chop n.排骨 cutlet n.肉条 stew n.炖肉 roast n.烤肉 pork n.猪肉 ham n.火腿 bacon n.咸肉 sausage n.香肠 chicken n.鸡肉 turkey n.火鸡 duck n.鸭 fish n.鱼 broth n.肉汤调料： spice n.调料 salt n.盐 vinegar n.醋 sauce n.酱油 oil n.油 salad n.色拉油 pepper n.辣椒 mustard n.芥末 clove n.丁香 cheese n.奶酪 butter n.奶油主食： noodle n.面条,挂面 rice n.米饭 loaf n.长面包 biscuit n.(英)饼干,(美)小面包 Pizza n.比萨饼 bread n.面包 crust n.面包皮 cake n.蛋糕 cookie n.小甜饼 mooncake n.月饼 pie n.馅饼 hamburger n.汉堡包 pancake n.薄煎饼 sandwich n.三明治,夹肉面包饮料： tea n.茶 coffee n.咖啡 juice n.果汁 wine n.葡萄酒 drink n.饮料 mineral water n.矿泉水 lemonade n.柠檬水 beer n.啤酒 claret n.波尔多红葡萄酒 cider n.苹果酒 champagne n.香槟酒 cocktail n.鸡尾酒 vodka n.伏特加 whisky n.威士忌 brandy n.白兰地 martini n.马提尼酒甜食： honey n.蜂蜜 sugar n.糖 chocolate n.巧克力 candy n.糖果 compote n.蜜饯 jam n.果酱味觉： sour a.酸的 sweet a.甜的 bitter a.苦的 hot a.辣的 salty a.咸的 delicious a.美味的餐具： menu n.菜单,菜谱 bowl n.碗 table n.餐桌 tablecloth n.桌布 napkin n.餐巾 cutlery n.餐具 fork n.叉 spoon n.匙 teaspoon n.茶匙 ladle n.长柄勺 knife n.刀 glass n.玻璃杯 bottle n.瓶子 cup n.杯子 saucer n.小碟 teapot n.茶壶 coffeepot n.咖啡壶 tray n.托盘宇宙： Earth n.地球 moon n.月亮 sun n.太阳 star n.星 planet n.行星 Venus n.金星 Jupiter n.木星 Mercury n.水星 Mars n.火星 Saturn n.土星 Uranus n.天王星 Neptune n.海王星 Pluto n.冥王星 constellation n.星座 the Bull n.金牛座 the Ram n.白羊座 the Crab n.巨蟹座 the Twins n.双子座 the Scorpion n.天蝎座 the Lion n.狮子座 the Balance n.天秤座 the Virgin n.处女座 the Water Bearer n.水瓶座 the Goat n.山羊座 the Archer n.人马座 the Fishes n.双鱼座 asteroid n.小行星 comet n.彗星 equator n.赤道 galaxy n.银河系 gravity n.重力 latitude n.纬度 longitude n.经度 meteor n.流星 meteorite n.陨星 nebula n.星云 orbit n.轨道 revolution n.公转 satellite n.卫星 solar system n.太阳系 shooting star n.流星 space n.太空 spaceship n.宇宙飞船 sphere n.天体,星山河湖海： abyss n.深渊 continent n.大陆 mountain n.山 summit n.山顶,峰 peak n.山顶,巅 ridge n.山脊 slope n.山坡 volcano n.火山 plateau n.高原 plain n.平原 hill n.小山,山岗 rock n.岩石 island n.岛 valley n.山谷地 bank n.河岸 current n.水流 stream n.小溪 source n.源头 spring n.泉水 bed n.河床 flood n.洪水 flow n.泛滥 basin n.流域 canal n.运河 lake n.湖泊 pond n.池塘 marsh n.沼泽 swamp n.沼泽 desert n.沙漠 forest n.森林 coast n.海岸 sea n.海 ocean n.大洋 bay n.海湾,湾 gulf n.海湾 cliff n.悬崖峭壁 beach n.海滩 shore n.海滩 coral n.珊瑚 tide n.潮 wave n.浪 strait n.海峡 waterfall n.瀑布 cascade n.小瀑布 brook n.小溪 mainland n.大陆 prairie n.大草原 peninsula n.半岛 iceberg n.冰山 glacier n.冰川天气： meteorology n.气象学 atmosphere n.大气 climate n.气候 weather n.天气 fine a.晴天 clear a.晴朗的 sunny a.晴朗的 rainy a.下雨的 dull a.阴天的 windy a.刮风的 temperature n.气温 season n.季节 spring n.春 summer n.夏 autumn n.秋 fall n.秋 winter n.冬 frost n.霜 hail n.冰雹 snow n.雪 thunder n.雷 wind n.风 mist n.雾 cloud n.云 haze n.霾 rain n.雨 downpour n.暴雨 shower n.阵雨 storm n.暴风雨 lightning n.闪电 hurricane n.飓风 cyclone n.旋风 typhoon n.台风 tornado n.龙卷风 gale n.狂风 breeze n.微风 monsoon n.季风 fog n.浓雾 dew n.露水 humidity n.潮湿 freeze n.冰冻 drought n.干旱 rainbow n.彩虹 earthquake n.地震 sunlight n.阳光 sunshine n.阳光日用品： comb n.头梳 glass n.玻璃杯 umbrella n.雨伞 bag n.袋子 handbag n.手提包 handkerchief n.手帕 purse n.钱包 wallet n.皮夹 watch n.手表 match n.火柴 chair n.椅子 armchair n.扶手椅子 bench n.长椅子 rug n.小地毯 carpet n.大地毯 desk n.书桌 fan n.风扇 furniture n.家具 bed n.床 bedclothes n.铺盖 blanket n.毛毯 pillow n.枕头 quilt n.棉被 sheet n.床单 mat n.席子 cushion n.垫子 curtain n.窗帘 suitcase n.手提箱 cupboard n.碗柜 drawer n.抽屉 stool n.凳子 clock n.时钟 light n.灯 lamp n.灯 needle n.针 thread n.线 bathroom n.浴室,厕所 mirror n.镜子 soap n.肥皂 towel n.手巾 lavatory n.洗脸盆,厕所 toothpaste n.牙膏 closet n.壁橱 screen n.屏风 shelf n.架子,搁板 rack n.架子,行李架 toilet n.卫生间 tap n.水龙头 bath n.浴缸 sponge n.海绵 thermometer n.温度计 bulb n.灯泡 switch n.开关 plug n.插头 jack n.插座 telephone n.电话 hook n.衣钩 toothbrush n.牙刷 perfume n.香水 torch n.手电 battery n.电池 lock n.锁 trunk n.大衣箱 antique n.古玩 cradle n.摇篮 television n.电视 radio n.收音机 microphone n.麦克风 refrigerator n.冰箱 stereo n.音响 glue n.胶水 eraser n.橡皮擦工具： toolbox n.工具箱 bench n.工作台 vice n.老虎钳 saw n.锯 plane n.刨子 file n.锉 square n.尺 hammer n.锤 nail n.钉 brad n.平头钉 screw n.螺丝钉 screwdriver n.螺丝刀,改锥 ruler n.尺 sandpaper n.砂纸 spanner n.扳子 wrench n.扳子 drill n.钻 nut n.螺母 bolt n.螺栓 pin n.销钉 spade n.锄 fork n.叉子 shovel n.铁锹,铲 rake n.耙 roller n.滚压器,碌碡 sickle n.镰刀 brush n.刷子 scissors n.剪子 pickaxe n.鹤嘴锄 axe n.斧子 lever n.杠杆 crank n.柄 lathe n.车床 clip n.回形针 compass n.罗盘 ladder n.梯子公共设施： school n.学校 university n.大学 college n.学院 institute n.学会,学院 hospital n.医院 clinic n.诊所 shop n.商店 bookstore n.书店 market n.市场,集市 supermarket n.超级市场 hotel n.旅馆,客栈 restaurant n.餐厅,饭馆 bar n.酒吧 cafe n.咖啡馆 dining-room n.食堂 bank n.银行 court n.法院 port n.港口 laboratory n.实验室 library n.图书馆 airport n.飞机场 church n.教堂 kindergarten n.幼稚园 museum n.博物馆 station n.车站 cinema n.电影院,电影 theater n.剧院 club n.俱乐部 gymnasium n.体育馆 gym n.体育馆 park n.公园 zoo n.动物园 post office n.邮局交通工具： ambulance n.救护车bike n.自行车 bicycle n.自行车 motorcycle n.摩托车 cart n.二轮马车 carriage n.四轮马车 car n.小汽车 jeep n.吉普车 tractor n.拖拉机 lorry n.重型卡车 truck n.卡车 bus n.大客车 coach n.大客车 van n.厢式货车 taxi n.计程汽车,出租汽车 subway n.地铁 railway n.铁路 train n.火车 locomotive n.火车头 express n.快客列车 boat n.小船 ship n.船 yacht n.游船 vessel n.大船 warship n.军舰 plane n.飞机 aircraft n.飞机 airplane n.飞机 jet n.喷气飞机 spaceship n.宇宙飞船 space shuttle n.航天飞机 helicopter n.直升机颜色： pink a.粉红色的 brown a.褐色的, 茶色的 chocolate a.红褐色的, 赭石色的 camel a.驼色的 green a.绿色的 blue a.蓝色的 red a.红色的 purple a.紫色的 white a.白色的 ivory a.象牙色的 gray a.灰色的 scarlet a.绯红的, 猩红的 golden a.金黄色的 orange a.桔红色的 silver a.银白色的 yellow a.黄色的进制： binary n.二进制 decimal n.十进制 octal n.八进制 hex n.十六进制, 巫婆, 妖法 vt.施魔法于 vi.施魔法

古代称呼常识

honway (@honway) — Wed, 14 Dec 2016 21:19:51 -0800

古代称呼常识称呼是一种文化现象，从一个时代的称呼中，我们可以窥见一个时代的风貌。称呼也是一面镜子。称呼的变化是文化的变化，同时也被视为历史文化的折射。　　中国人的称呼，实质上就是一部中国文化的发展史，其中蕴含着中华民族悠久的文化历史的沉淀与变迁。中国人的称呼是宗法、习俗、等级、地位、声望等的反映，尊长、后辈、上级、下属各有各的一套称呼，谁也不能逾越。从称呼中我们可以看到国人对宗法礼制、尊卑长幼等礼法习俗的重视，对官职、科举的表示方式。古往今来，中国人的称呼既反映出了人们对于成功的观念，又透射着一种“自卑下之道”的“谦恭精神”，这种人生精神，必定要在人们的语言、称呼中体现出来。 1、宗族称谓　　祖上：　　最早的祖先称为始祖。后世的皇帝一般以他们可知的祖宗作为始祖，如宋朝以僖祖作为始祖。后世的人在修家谱、作家传时，也往往喜欢攀附古代的名人为自己的始祖。如曹操、曹植、曹睿祖孙三代就分别把曹振铎、姬姓、虞舜称作曹氏家族的始祖。　　太祖：　　始封之君也就是王朝的建立者为太祖。如三国魏以曹操为太祖，唐以李渊为太祖，宋以赵匡胤为太祖，明以朱元璋为太祖，清以努尔哈赤为太祖。太祖是一朝的开国之君，所以他的太庙百世不迁。　　祖宗：　　是对始祖及先世中有功德者的尊称。从我国汉代开始，凡是创业的国君死后，他们的庙号一律为祖，如汉称刘邦为高祖，唐称李渊为高祖等等。凡是有功德的帝王死后，他们的庙号一律称为宗，如汉称文帝刘恒为太宗，唐称李世民为太宗等。　　子嗣、太宗、小宗：古代宗法制度规定，同一始祖的嫡系长房继承系统为大宗、余子为小宗。　　宗子：　　大宗的嫡长子叫宗子。对大宗来讲，他是家长；对于小宗来讲，他是族长，宗子继承始祖的爵位，主持始祖庙的祭祀。　　世子：世子也就是太子，古代的“世”与“太”字意义相通。　　支子：古代把嫡长子以外的其它儿子称为支子。　　嫡子：　　古代把正妻所生的儿子称作嫡子。同时也指正妻所生的长子。嫡子有继承父亲地位的权力，在社会地位上远远高于庶子。　　别子：古代把诸侯嫡长子以外的儿子都叫别子。　　庶子：　　古代把妾所生的儿子称作庶子，庶子的地位比嫡子低，不能承奉祖庙的祭礼和承袭父祖的地位。　　嗣子：　　无子而以他人之子作为儿子，既为嗣子。嗣子一经礼法认可，地位与亲子等同。古代礼法对嗣子问题，有明确的规定。一、必须是同姓。二、必须是同宗的支子。三、辈分必须相当。　　公子：　　诸侯王(公)嫡长子以外的其它儿子称为公子。另外诸侯的女儿也可以称作公子。　　考妣：　　父母又称为考妣。后多指已死的父母，即亡父亡母。　　继父：　　生父死后，母亲再嫁之夫称为继父。　　八母：　　八种身份不同的母亲，即指嫡母、继母、养母、慈母、嫁母、出母、庶母和乳母。　　嫡母：　　妾的子女称父之正妻为嫡母。对于嫡母，服制是斩衰三年。　　继母：　　父亲的后妻称为继母，对于继母，服制也是齐衰三年。　　养母：　　过继儿子称收养他的母亲为养母。对养母服制是斩衰三年。　　慈母：妾所生之子，其母死后，其父令别的妾抚育，此别妾就是此子的慈母。　　嫁母：　　亲母因父亲死后再嫁，称作嫁母。为嫁母服齐衰杖期。　　出母：　　被父亲休弃的生母称作出母。为出母服齐衰杖期。　　庶母：　　父亲的妾称为庶母。士为庶母服缌麻。　　乳母：　　父妾之中曾乳育己者称她为乳母。为乳母服缌麻。　　九族：　　九族所指，说法不一。一说上自高祖，下至玄孙，即玄孙、曾孙、孙、子、己身、身父、祖父、曾祖父、高祖父；一说父族四、母族三、妻族二，父族四即：姑之子(姑姑的子女)、姊妹之子(外甥)、女儿之子(外孙)、己之同族(父母、兄弟、姊妹、儿子)；母族三即：母之父 (外祖父)、母之母(外祖母)、从母子(娘舅)；妻族二是岳父、岳母。２、亲属称谓　　古代将凡血缘相近的同姓本族和异性外族都称作亲属。具体称谓如下：　　高祖父（母）：曾祖之父（母）。　　曾祖父（母）：祖之父（母）。　　祖父（母）：父之父（母）。　　父母：父，母。　　己身：自己本代。　　子：子。　　孙：子之子。　　曾孙：孙之子。　　玄孙：曾孙之子。　　来孙：玄孙之子。(下五世指从本位起，下主立孙) 　　世父 (伯父) ：父之兄。　　叔父：父之弟。　　世母 (伯母) ：世父之妻。　　叔母(婶) ：叔父之妻。　　姑(姑母)：父之姊妹。　　姑父：姑之夫。　　从祖祖父(伯祖父、叔祖父) ：父之伯叔。　　从祖祖母(伯祖母、叔祖母) ：父之伯母、叔母。　　从祖父(堂伯、堂叔) ：父之从兄弟。　　从祖母(堂伯母、堂叔母)：从祖父之妻。　　族曾祖父(族曾王父) ：祖父的伯叔。　　族曾王母：祖父的伯叔叔妻子。　　族祖父(族祖王父)：族曾祖父之子。　　族父：族祖父之子。　　族兄弟：族父之子。　　嫂：兄之妻。　　弟妇：弟之妇。　　从子(侄)：兄弟之子。　　从女(侄女)：兄弟之女。　　从孙：兄弟之孙。　　甥(外甥出)：姊妹之子。　　私：姊妹之夫。　　女婿(子婿、婿)：女之夫。　　中表(姑表) ：父之姊妹之子女。　　外祖父(外王父)：母之父。　　外祖母(外王母)：母之母。　　外曾王父：外祖父之父。　　外曾王母：外祖父之母。　　舅(舅父)：母之兄弟。　　舅母(妗子)：舅之妻。　　从母(姨母、姨)：母之姊妹。　　姨父：姨母之夫。　　中表(姨表)：姨之子女。　　从舅：母之从元弟。　　从母兄弟、从母姊妹(姑表兄弟姊妹、姨表兄弟姊妹)：母之兄弟姊妹子女。　　外舅(岳父、岳丈、丈人、泰山、岳翁)：妻之父。　　外姑(岳母、丈母、泰水)：妻之母。　　姨(姨子)：妻之姊妹。　　妻侄：妻之兄弟之子。　　舅(嫜、公)：夫之父。　　姑(婆)：夫之母。　　姑嫜、舅姑：夫之父母(俗称公婆)。　　伯叔(大伯、大叔子)：夫之兄弟。　　小姑子：夫之妹。　　娣妇：夫之弟妇。　　姒姆：夫之嫂。　　娣姒、妯娌：古之弟妇与嫂的简称。　　亲家：妻之父母与夫之父母之间的婚姻。具体地说，夫之父为姻，妻之父为婚。　　娅，连襟(襟兄、襟弟)：两乔两婿互称。古今亲属称谓杂谈　　如何称呼自己的亲属，在称呼自家的亲属时，我们常会听到或见到“家、舍、亡、先、犬、小”这几个字。　　[家]：　　是用来称比自己辈分高或年长的活着的亲人，含有谦恭平常之意。如称己父为家父、家严，称母为家母、家慈，称丈人为家岳，祖父为家祖，以及家兄、家嫂等等。　　[舍]：　　是用来谦称比自己卑幼的亲属，如舍弟、舍妹、舍侄、舍亲，但不说舍儿、舍女。　　[先]：　　含有怀念、哀痛之情，是对已死长者的尊称，如对已离世的父亲称先父、先人、先严、先考，对母尊称先母、先妣、先慈，对祖父称先祖，等等。　　[亡]：　　用于对已死卑幼者的称呼，如亡妹、亡儿。对已故的丈夫、妻子、挚友，也可称亡夫、亡妻、亡友。　　[犬]：　　旧时谦称自己年幼涉及不深的子女，如犬子、犬女等。　　[小]：　　对人常用来称己一方的谦词，如自称自己儿女为小儿、小女等。　　[六亲]：　　六亲即六种亲属。对六亲的说法，历来众说纷纭，大致有以下几种，一说指父子、兄弟、姊妹、甥舅、婚媾、姻亚。二说指父子、兄弟、夫妇。三说：指父母、兄弟、妻子。四说指父母、兄弟、从父兄弟、从祖兄弟、从曾祖兄弟、同族兄弟。五说指外祖父母、父母、姊妹、妻三弟之子、从父母亡子女之子。隶巍，指父、母、兄、弟、妻、子，是现代比较通行的说法，现代汉语中六类也泛指亲属。　　古代兄弟排行称谓：古代以伯、仲、叔、季来表示兄弟间的排行顺序；伯为老大，仲为老二，叔为老三，季排行最小。父之兄称“父”，父之次弟称为“仲父”，仲父之弟称为“叔父”，最小的叔叔称“季父”，后来父之弟都统称为“叔父”。　　古今妻子称谓：我们现在称男人的配偶为妻子。而从古至今，对妻子的称呼竟有近四十种之多。　　小君、细君：最早是称诸侯的妻子，后来作为妻子的通称。　　皇后：皇帝的妻子。　　梓童：皇帝对皇后的称呼。　　夫人：古代诸侯的妻子称夫人，明清时一二品官的妻子封夫人，近代用来尊称一般人的妻子，现在多用于外交场合。　　荆妻：旧时对人谦称自己的妻子，又谦称荆人、荆室、荆妇、拙荆、山荆、贱荆，有表示贫寒之意。　　娘子：古人对自己妻子的通称。　　糟糠：形容贫穷时共患难的妻子。　　内人：过去对他人称自己的妻子。书面语也称内人、内助。尊称别人妻称贤内助。　　内掌柜的：旧时称生意人的妻子为“内掌柜”，也有称“内当家”的。　　太太：旧社会一般称官吏的妻子，或有权有势的富人对人称自己的妻子为“太太”，今有尊敬的意思，如“你太太来了”。　　妻子：指的是妻子的儿女。早期有“妻子”、“妻室”，也有单称妻，有的人为了表示亲爱，在书信中常称贤妻、爱妻。　　老伴儿：指年老夫妻的一方，一般指女方。　　娘儿们、婆娘、婆姨：有些地方称妻子为娘儿们，或婆娘，或婆姨。　　堂客：江南一些地方俗称妻子为堂客。　　媳妇儿：在河南农村普遍叫妻子作媳妇儿。　　老婆：北方城乡的俗称，多用于口头语言。　　老爱：因称老婆太俗语，称爱人拗口，所以取折衷的方法叫老爱。　　继室、续弦：妻殁再聚约。　　家里、屋里人、做饭的：都是方言对妻子的称谓。　　女人：一些农村称妻子为女人，或孩子他娘。贱内、贱媳：古人对妻子的谦称，　　爱人：男女互称。　　老马子、后头人：河南农村对妻子的称呼。　　右客：湖北鄂西山区对妻子的一种称呼。　　伙计、搭档：现代都市流行的对妻子的俗称。　　参谋长、内务部长：现代人对能干持家贤惠妻子的尊称。　　附：旧时对妾的称呼有“侧侄”、“偏房”、“小星”、“如夫人”、“妇君”等。　　古今对丈夫的称谓我们对女子的配偶称作丈夫。此外对丈夫的称谓还有丈人、君、外子、官人、老公、爱人、当家的、前面人、掌柜的、外面人、郎君、老伴、老头子、那口子、男人、老爱、那位老板等。　　古今对父母的称谓：父母又称高堂、椿萱、双亲、膝下、考妣等。　　古今对夫妻的称谓：夫妻在古今有结发、鸳鸯、伉俪、配偶、伴侣、连理、秦晋、百年之好等。　　“鸳鸯”：原指兄弟，我国古代曾把鸳鸯比作兄弟。鸳鸯本为同命鸟，双栖双宿，所以古人用它来比喻兄弟和睦友好。后用鸳鸯来比夫妇，始于唐人卢照邻。　　“丈夫”小考：丈夫在古代并非指女子的配偶。古代男子二十岁时，举行冠礼，称为丈夫，这是一种古时礼仪。另外，古代把人长八尺的魁梧男子称作丈夫。在春秋战国之交，“丈夫”的词义扩大了，不仅指成年的男子，而且还指男性的小孩甚至男婴。　　“娘子”小谈：娘子是丈夫对妻子的一种爱称，在元代以前，称妻子为“娘子”是不对的。宋代之前，“娘子”专指未婚的少女，意同今天的姑娘。　　到了唐代，唐玄宗后期好声色，宠杨贵妃，杨贵妃在后宫中的地位无与伦比，宫中号称为“娘子”。这里的娘子，显然已不是指少女了，但也不能理解为是对妻子的称呼。　　到了元代，社会上已普遍称呼已婚妇女为“娘子”。到了明代，一般习惯称少妇为“娘子”，而且带有娇爱的味道。　　随著称妻为“娘子”的流行，一般妇女也就称为某娘了，如称接生婆为“老娘”。称巫婆为“师娘”，称妓女为“花娘”，称男女关系不清的女人为“夫娘”，以及鄙称妇女为“婆娘”等等，通称她们为“娘们”。　　什么叫“丈人” ，“丈人”现在通常指称岳父。但在古代“丈人”就不仅指岳父了。　　一、“丈人”是对老者和前辈的尊称。　　二、“丈人”指家长或主人。　　三、“丈人”是女子对丈夫的称呼。　　四、“丈人”'代表岳父。　　“结发”的含义：我国古代，年少之时结为夫妻，称为结发。后因以“结发”为结婚，指原配夫妇。　　“连襟”趣话：在我国民间，通称姐妹们的丈夫为“连襟”，“连襟”的来历与我国著名的诗人杜甫、洪迈有关。　　较早在笔下出现这个词语的是杜甫。他晚年寓居川东，结识了当地一位姓李的老头子，叙论起来，两家还是拐弯抹角的亲戚。两人很合得来，三天两头书信往来或一起聊天喝酒，后来杜甫要出峡东下湖湘，写了首《送李十五丈别》的诗，回忆叙述结交经过，有一句是“人生意气合，相与襟袂连”。这只是形容彼此关系密切，它还没有后来的那种关系。　　北宋末年，洪迈有个堂兄是石泉州的幕宾，不很得意，妻子的姐夫在江淮一带做节度使，写荐书推荐去京城供职，洪迈这位堂兄很感激，托洪迈替写了一份谢启，里面便有“襟袂相连”一句。而比洪迈还早一些的马永卿，在所著《懒真子》里提及，江北人呼友婿为“连袂”，也呼“连襟”，和洪迈写的谢启相对照，可见宋朝时，“连襟”这个称谓就已通行，并具有与现在相同的内容了。　　岳父、岳母称呼的由来。古代帝王常临名山绝顶，设坛祭天地山川，晋封公侯百官，史称“封禅”。唐玄宗李隆基一次“封禅”泰山，中书令张项做“封禅”使。张把女婿郑镒由九品一下提成五品。后来玄宗问起郑镒的升迁事，郑镒支支吾吾，无言以对。在旁边的黄幡绰讥笑他：“此乃泰山之力也。”玄宗才知张项徇私，很不高兴，不久把郑镒降回原九品。后来，人们知道此事，把妻父称“泰山”。又因泰山乃五岳之首，又称为“岳父”，同时，又把妻母称为“岳母”。　　“东床”的缘来：东床指女婿。东晋时郗鉴让门人到王导家去物色女婿。门人回来说：“王家少年都不错，但听得消息时，一个个都装出矜持的样子，只有一个年轻人，袒腹东床，只顾吃东西，好像没听到我们说话一样。”郗鉴一听忙说：“这个人正是我要物色的好女婿!”这个年轻人就是后来的大书法家王羲之。以后，人们就称女婿为“东床”。 3、礼俗称谓　　君：周代称诸侯为君。君在天子之下，大夫之上，指的是诸侯。秦统一天下后，称皇帝为君。君还是战国、秦汉时期贵族、功臣的封号。如齐国田文号盂尝君，魏以子无忌号信陵君，汉郦食其号广野君，刘敬号奉春君，君后来又引申为对男子的尊称，故父和夫也可称君。　　臣：上古指男性奴隶。后来“君”与“臣”对举，臣包括因君外的任何人。后“臣”引申为对己的谦称。　　士：商、西周、春秋时统治者的最低层及其成员。周天子有天下，诸侯有国，卿大夫有家。家是卿大夫的统治区域，担任家的官职的通常是士，称为家臣。士大夫受过教育，有知识、有才能，因此，后来逐渐成为知识分子的通称，在军事上、政治上、外交上形成不可忽视的力量。战国时代的士大体分为四类，一类为学士，如庄子、荀子等。一类为策士，如苏秦、张仪，即所谓纵横家。一类为方士或术士。最下的一类为食客，这类人有士之名，无士之实，多是贵族的鹰犬。　　民：上古时把奴隶称作民。或称黎民、群黎、苗民、众人、庶人、庶民，通称庶民。臣与民在上方都是奴隶，但有区别：臣是柔顺驯服的奴隶，民是暴戾难以驾驭的奴隶。　　奴隶：为奴隶主劳动没有人身自由的人，常被奴隶主任意买卖甚至杀死。“工”、“奴”、“奚”、“臣”、“妾”等都是奴隶，小臣、仆侍、妾婢、阍人(看门人)、寺人(宦)等是从事家务劳动的奴隶，金工、车工等是从事工业生产的奴隶，大量的则是从事农业生产的奴隶。　　君子：古代对贵族男子的通称。又泛指有道德的人，君子常常和小人或野人对比。此外，妻称夫也叫君子。　　百姓：古代对贵族的总称。商代的奴隶主是贵族，总称为“百姓”(因为当时只有贵族才有姓)，商王是贵族的最高代表，自称为“余一人”，周代仍有这种称号，战国以后，“百姓”为平民的通称，与“民”为同义词。　　黎民：平民也称黎民，亦即“众民”的意思。因“黎”通“骊”，黑色，“黎民”因黑发而名。　　黔首：黔首是战国时秦国及秦代对平民的称呼。黔，黑色。“黔首”，犹如黑头。据说秦商黑色，平时平民都用黑布包头，帮称“黔首”。　　布衣：即“平民”，古代人富人穿丝，平民穿麻布，所以称“布衣”。　　庶人：又叫“庶民”，西周以后对农业生产者的称谓。西周时庶人可作为被封赐的对象，其身份比奴隶高。春秋时，庶人的地位在士以下，工商奴隶之上。秦汉以后，泛指没有官的一般平民。　　对自己的谦称类　　鄙人： “鄙人”本意指发居于郊野之人。后古人用来谦称自己，表示地位不高，见识浅陋。　　臣：古人对自己的谦称。“臣”表示自谦，多有君臣关系在内。后采也完全表示谦称。　　仆：旧时男子自称谦词。仆即奴仆，下对上，幼对长自称奴仆，借以表示对对方的敬重。　　小可：宋元间人自称谦词。　　小生：旧时晚辈对尊长称自己的谦词。　　小子：旧时子弟晚辈对父兄尊长自称的谦词。　　晚生：旧时父人对前辈称己的谦词。　　不肖：旧时男子自谦词。不肖原指子不似其父那样贤能，故男子在其父母死后多借以自称，表示谦恭。　　不才：旧时男子自谦词。不才即没有才能，故借以自称，以示谦恭。　　不妄：旧时男子对自己的谦称。不妄意为无才能的意思。　　不敏：古人称自己不聪明，不敏捷，故自谦“不敏”。晚生后学晚侍年轻人在年长者面前的谦称。　　在下：自称的谦词，古时坐席，尊长在上座，所以自称在下。　　妾：旧时妇女自称的谦词。妾是旧时正妻之外的小妻、侧室、偏房，在家庭中地位极低，故妇女借以自称，表示对对方的敬重。　　奴、奴家：旧时妇女自称的谦词。奴即表示不自由，从人役使的仆役，故借以自称，表示对对方的敬重。有时男子亦以之为谦称。　　未亡人：寡妇的自称。　　尊称类　　父：古代对男子的尊称。“父”本义不是父亲，而是父系氏族社会中司火的长者，后成为对男子的尊称。大约至周代，“父”才成为父亲的别称。　　公：古代对男子的尊称。甚至父亲对儿子说话，有时也以“公”相称，用来表示郑重或爱重。　　子：古代尊称，男女皆可称之。学生对老师也称“子”。夫妻之间又互称“内子”和“外子”。　　长者：古代尊称。指有德行受尊敬的人。　　卿：古代尊称，古时使用较广，君称臣为“卿”，夫妻之间称“卿”或“卿卿”。　　先生：古代尊称，多称师长、老人或有德行的人。　　阁下：是旧时对一般人的尊称。常用于书信之中。原意也是由于亲属同辈间互相见面不便直呼其名，常常先呼其阁下的侍从转告，而将侍从称“阁下”，后来逐渐演变为对至友亲朋间尊称的敬辞。　　足下：在古代称谓上，或同辈相称，都用“足下”，足下意为“您”。　　麾下：是对将帅的尊称。　　陛下：“陛下”的“陛”指帝王宫殿的台阶。“陛下”原来指的是站在台阶下的侍者。臣子向天子进言时，不敢直口乎天子，必须先呼台下的侍者而告之，后来“陛下”就成为对帝王的敬辞。　　殿下：和“陛下”是一个意思，原来也是对天子的尊称。汉代以后演变为对太子、帝王的尊称，唐代以后只有皇子、皇后、皇太后可以称为“殿下”。　　令尊：旧时称对方父亲的敬词。令有善、美之意，故用为敬词。　　尊公：亦称“尊大人”、“尊大君”。旧时称对方父亲的敬词。尊与卑相对，指地位或辈分高，故用敬词，如“尊翁”、“尊驾”。　　令堂：旧时称对方母亲的敬词。　　令郎：旧时称对方儿子的敬词。原称“令郎君”。　　令嗣：旧时称对方儿子的敬词，同“令郎”。　　令子：旧时称对方儿子的敬词。　　令爱：并作“令嫒”。旧时称对方女儿的敬词。　　令正：旧时称对方嫡妻的敬词。　　令兄：旧时称对方之兄的敬词。　　令弟：旧时称对方之弟的敬词。　　令坦：旧时称对方大婿的敬词。　　仁兄：旧时对同辈友人的敬称。常用于书信。　　贤兄：旧时对同辈友人的敬称，贤指德才之众，故用为敬词。　　仁弟：旧时对同辈中青年者的敬称。师长对学生，年长者对幼子亦常以之为称，表示爱重。　　贤弟：贤弟意为“仁弟”，贤有德行好、才能出众之意，故习以为敬词 4、古代交友的称谓　　布衣之交：普通老百姓相交的朋友。　　刎颈之交：哪怕砍头也不变心的朋友，又称为“生死之交”。　　莫逆之交：意谓彼此心志相通，情投意合。　　杵臼之交：指交友不嫌贫贱，亦称为“杵臼交”。　　车笠之交：不以贵贱而异，友谊深厚。　　忘年之交：年岁差别大，行辈不同而交情深厚的朋友。　　总角之交：幼年就相认的朋友。　　竹马之交：形容小儿时天真无邪，亲昵嬉戏之状。 5、古代对媒人的称呼　　媒人：撮合男女成婚的人，多为老年妇女充当。　　月老：媒人之代称。　　红娘：媒人之代称。取于元代杂剧《西厢记》中莺莺的婢女。　　三姑六婆：指从事九种职业的女人。“三姑”即从事宗数活动的三种职业女人：尼姑、道姑、卦姑。“六婆”中“牙婆”指贩卖人口的贩子，“媒婆”指专门撮合婚姻的，“师婆”即区婆，“虔婆”指妓院的鸨母，“稳婆”指接生婆，“药婆”职业不详。 6、古代对老师的称呼　　师父、师傅：对老师的尊称。“师傅”原为春秋时国君的老师。　　夫子：古代对老师的一种尊称，尤其流行于旧时私塾。　　师长：教师的尊称。　　外傅：古代对教师的特称。　　博士：经学教师称“博士”。至唐朝时期，各专业学校更有“律学”、“算学”、“书学”博士之分。　　教授：原为学官称谓，自宋始于宋学、律学、医学、武学等科均设“教授”，以传授学业，后世相沿。　　讲师：讲授武事或讲解经籍的教师谓“讲师”。　　助教：古代学官名。教师。西晋武帝咸宁四年设置，协助国子、博士教授生徒。南北朝、隋代相沿设置。唐代国子学、太学、广文馆、四门学等都设有助教。明、清两代，仅仅有国子监助教。为国子学(即后来的“国子监”)教师。　　教渝：宋代京师所设小学和武学中的教师称谓，到元、明、清的县学照样设置。　　教习：明朝人选林院的进士之师称教习，到清末，学堂兴起后，教师仍用其名。　　经师：汉代以后历代在“校”或“学”中传授经学的教师称“经师”。　　训导：明清时府设教授，州设学正，县设教渝，掌教育生员，其副职皆称“训导”。　　先生：古时对“门馆”、“私塾”老师中年长者的尊称。　　老师：原为宋元时期“小学”教师的称谓。　　服务员的古代称呼：古代服务员被称为店小二，这是因为自宋以来直到民初，老百姓是没有名字的，只有上学才有学名，一旦做官，就有官名，古代服务员为平常百姓，所以被称为店小二，而店老板自然是店老大了。 7、皇族称谓　　皇帝：中国在公元前22重年，秦王羸政统一六国后，自认为“德兼三皇，功高五帝”，称“始皇帝”，从此历代封建君主都称皇帝。　　万岁：皇帝的代名词，一种说法认为在朝贺时对君主经常使用，久而久之，便成了皇帝的尊称；另一种说法认为是从西汉元封元年(公元前110年)汉武帝登华山后，由他开始用“万岁”自称，而相沿下来的。　　天子：古代君王的尊称。夏、商、周代，天子的正号是王，如周武王即可被称天子；在秦汉至清代，天子则指皇帝。所谓“天子”，意指君主君临天下，犹天之子。　　皇后：皇帝的正妻称皇后。秦汉以后历代沿称。　　太上皇：帝王尊其父为太上皇；历代皇帝传位于太子，并自称太上皇；天子之父参与国政，称太上皇帝。　　皇太后：皇帝的母亲称皇太后，秦汉以后历代沿称。　　皇太子：皇帝所指定的继承人，一般为皇帝的嫡长子，但常有例外，由皇帝选定册立。清代自雍正以后不立皇太子。一般称预定继承君位的长子为“太子”。　　贵嫔：妃嫔的称号。汉元帝时始置，原为妃嫔中之第一级。自魏晋至明均设置，但地位已经下降。　　昭仪：妃嫔的称号。三国魏文帝时始置，仅次于皇后，晋及南北朝多沿置。　　才人：妃嫔的称号。始设于晋武帝，自南北朝至明多曾沿置，唐制，才人初为宫中之正五品，后计正四品。　　贵妃：妃嫔的称号。南朝宋武帝时始置，位次于皇后，自隋至清多沿置。　　七子：女官名，位在美人、良人下，在长使少使上。　　良人：西汉妃嫔的称号。　　美人：妃嫔的称号。　　贵人：妃嫔的称号。东汉位次于皇后，清代贵人已降在妃嫔之下。　　世子：帝王示诸侯的正妻所生的长子，也称太子，清代则封亲王的嫡长子为世子。　　孺子：太子妃嫔名，太子有妃、良娣、孺子，共三等，又古代贵族的妾也称孺子。　　太孙：皇帝的长孙称太孙。历代王朝往往于太子殁后册立太孙为预定之皇位继承人。　　公主：帝王之女的称号。始于战国，汉制规定，皇帝之女称公主，帝之妹称长公主，帝姑称大长公主，后历代大致沿用。　　翁主：汉代制度，诸王之女称翁主，即后世的郡主。　　附马：皇帝的女婿称驸马，非实官。清代称“额驸”。　　帝姬：古代对皇帝女公主、姊妹、姑母等的称呼。 8、官场称谓　　中国历代主要官职称谓　　宰相：我国封建社会主管政事最高行政长官的通称。意为君主的最高幕僚、百官的首长。　　丞相：官名。长期以来丞相常用作宰相的通称，但宰相不一定是丞相。　　太尉：官名。秦时的太尉为全国最高的军事长官。汉初与丞相、御史大夫合称三公，东汉又与司徒、司空并为三公。后代沿置，但一般为加官而无实权，至明代废。　　御史大夫：官名。秦朝时始设，其位相当于副丞相。　　侍郎：官名。汉武帝时始置的郎官，是常侍皇帝左右的近臣。　　郎中：官名。始设于秦，在宫闱中掌皇帝宿卫。自隋代，为各司的主官，为尚书、侍郎以下的高级部员。　　卿：古代高级官员或爵位的称谓。　　三阊大夫：官名。战国时楚国的三阊大夫，以掌王族中势力最大的昭、屈、景三姓子弟的教育事。　　将军：官名。春秋时，诸侯以卿统率军队，始有将军的称呼。后用于都督军事的武官。　　大将军：官名。战国时始置，汉代沿置，掌统征战，是将军最高称号。　　太师：官名。古代三公之一(太师、太傅、太保为三公)。后以太师、太傅、太保为加官，仅示荣宠而无实职。太师还是辅导太子的官，称太子太师。　　太傅：官名。古代三公之一，名同太师。西汉时把辅导太子的官称为太子太傅。　　司马：官名。西周时始设。春秋、战国时沿用，掌管军政和军赋。汉代司马为兵部尚书的别称。隋、唐以后，司马地位有所削减。　　巡抚：官名。始置于明太祖朱元璋，职能同于中央官员巡抚地方的“钦差大臣”。　　总督：是管辖一省或数省军政的地方最高长官。　　都督：汉末始设。三国时都督为率兵打仗的将帅，魏晋以后，都督成了驻地的刺史，成了辖区的军政总首长。　　提督：清朝官居要职。一种为提督学政，又称学政、学台，掌科举大权；一种为提督军务总兵官，负责一个省的军务。　　钦差大臣：明代由皇帝亲自派遣临时出外，办理重大事件的官员，称钦差大臣。　　节度使：官名，武将统兵出战称总管，无事时镇守边地则称大都督。唐代，节度使权力不断增大，形成所谓“藩镇割据”。　　少保：指两种官职，其一，古代称少师、少傅、少保为“三孤”，后逐渐成为虚衔。其二，古代称太子少师、太子少傅，太子少保为“东宫三少”，后也逐渐成为虚衔。　　尚书：最初是掌管文书奏章的官员。隋代始设六部，唐代确定六部为吏、户、礼、兵、刑、工，各部以尚书、侍郎为正副长官。　　上卿：周代官制，天子及诸侯皆有卿，分上、中、下三等，最尊贵者谓“上卿”。　　参知政事：又简称“参政”。是唐宋时期最高政务长官之一，与同平章事、枢密使、枢密副使合称“宰执”。　　军机大臣：军机处是清代辅佐皇帝的政务机构。任职者无定员，一般由亲王、大学士、尚书、侍郎或京堂兼任，称为军机大臣。　　枢密使：枢密院的长官。唐时由宦官担任，宋以后改由大臣担任，枢密院是管理军国要政的最高国务机构之一，枢密使的权力与宰相相当，清代军机大臣往往被尊称为“枢密”。　　左徒：战国时楚国的官名，与后世左右拾遗相当。主要职责是规谏皇帝、举荐人才。　　太尉：元代以前的官职名称。是辅佐皇帝的最高武官，汉代称大司马。宋代定为最高一级武官。　　大夫：各个朝代所指的内容不尽相同，有时可指中央机关的要职，如御史大夫、谏议大夫等。　　太史：西周、春秋时为地位很高的朝廷大臣，掌管起草文书、策命诸侯卿大夫、记载史事，兼管典籍、历法、祭祀等事。　　侍中：原为正规官职外的加官之一。因侍从皇帝左右，地位渐高，等级超过侍郎。魏晋以后，往往成为事实上的宰相。《出师表》提到的郭攸之、费讳即是侍中。　　郎中：战国时为宫廷侍卫。自唐至清成为尚书、侍郎以下的高级官员，分掌各司事务。如《荆轲刺秦王》：“诸郎中执兵，皆陈殿下。”此指宫廷侍卫。《张衡传》“公交车特征拜郎中”，“郎中”是管理车骑门户的官名。　　参军：“参谋军务”的简称，最初是丞相的军事参谋，晋以后地位渐低，成为诸王、将军的幕僚。　　都尉：职位次于将军的武官。　　经略使：也简称“经略”。唐宋时期为边防军事长官，与都督并置。　　刺史：原为巡察官名，东汉以后成为州郡最高军政长官，有时称为太守。　　太守：参见“刺史”条。又称“郡守”，州郡最高行政长官。　　校尉：两汉时期次于将军的官职。　　提辖：宋代州郡武官的官名，主管训练军队、督捕盗贼等事务。　　知府：即“太守”又称“知州”。　　县令：一县的行政长官，又称“知县”。　　里正：古代的乡官，即一里之长。　　三省六部：三省为中书省、门下省、尚书省。隋唐时，三省同为最高政务机构，一般中书省管决策，门下省管审议，尚书省管执行，三省的长官都是宰相。中书省长官称中书令，下有中书侍郎、中书舍人等官职；门下省长官称侍中，下有门下侍郎、给事中等官职；尚书省长官为尚书令，下有左右仆射等官职。尚书省下辖六部：吏部(管官吏的任免与考核等，相当于现在的组织部)、户部(管土地户口、，赋税财政等)、礼部(管典礼、科举、学校等)、兵部(管军事，相当于现在的国防部)、刑部(管司法刑狱，相当于现在的司法部)、工部(管工程营造、屯田水利)。各部长官称尚书，副职称侍郎，下有郎中、员外郎、主事等官职。六部制从隋唐开始实行，一直延续到清末。　　官职的任免升降“三省六部”制出现以后，官员的升迁任免由吏部掌管。官职的任免升降常用以下词语：　　（1）拜：用一定的礼仪授予某种官职或名位。如《后序》中的“于是辞相印不拜”，就是没有接受丞相的印信，不去就职。　　（2）除：拜官授职，如“予除右丞相兼枢密使”(《后序》)一句中的“除”，就是授予官职的意思。　　（3）擢：升官职，如《战国策?燕策》：“先王过举，擢之乎宾客之中，而立之乎群臣之上。” 　　（4）迁：调动官职，包括升级、降级、平级转调三种情况。为易于区分，人们常在“迁”字的前面或后面加一个字，升级叫迁升、迁授、迁叙，降级叫迁削、迁谪、左迁，平级转调叫转迁、迁官、迁调，离职后调复原职叫迁复。　　（5）谪：降职贬官或调往边远地区。《岳阳楼记》“滕子京谪守巴陵郡”中的“谪”就是贬官。　　（6）黜：“黜”与、“罢、免、夺”都是免去官职。如《国语》：“公将黜太子申生而立奚齐。” 　　（7）去：解除职务，其中有辞职、调离和免职三种情况。辞职和调离属于一般情况和调整官职，而免职则是削职为民。　　（8）乞骸骨。年老了请求辞职退休，如《张衡传》：“视事三年，上书乞骸骨，征拜尚书。” 古代女子年龄称谓　　我们都经常说：都是有“家室”的人了。但是到底什么是“家室”恐怕没几个人知道。女人有了男人了，出嫁了，就说明她有“家”了；男人娶了老婆，就可以说他有“室”了。这就是所谓的家室，所以有家，有室又可以指男女已经是结婚年龄了。　　其实，有很多词语和年龄有关，后人就由它作为年龄的代称，我介绍几个对女子年龄的称谓：　　度——小儿初生之时。　　孩提——指初知发笑尚在襁褓中的幼儿,指2——3岁的儿童。　　襁褓——未满周岁的婴儿。　　赤子、襁褓——泛指不满周岁的初生婴儿。　　总角——古代幼童把垂发扎成两结于头顶把头发扎成髻，形状如角，因而也用“总角”来代指人的幼童阶段。借指幼年。在这里，“总”就是聚拢束结的意思。总角之交（幼年就相识的好朋友）。总角是八九岁至十三四岁的少年(古代儿童将头发分作左右两半，在头顶各扎成一个结，形如两个羊角，故称“总角”)。　　童龀——龀，《说文》中有“男八月生齿、八岁而龀；女七月生齿、七岁而龀”的说法。可以看出，孩子乳牙脱落，长出恒牙，称为“龀”。“童龇”，往往是指人的儿童少年时期。也有说成“髫龀”的。　　垂髫——指儿童。儿童垂发叫髻。髫，指古代儿童犹未束发时自然下垂的短发。因而就用“垂髫”称幼儿或指人的幼童阶段。也有说“垂发”的，意思相同。　　龆——儿童换牙。龆年：童年。　　髫年——童年。　　髫龄——童年。　　稚——称年龄小的为稚。　　牙牙——象声词，婴儿学语的声音。如牙牙学语，因亦指小孩过程子开始学话。　　周晬——指婴儿周岁。　　膝下——幼年，言子女幼年仅能依附父母的膝下。　　汤饼之期——指婴儿出生三日。旧俗小儿出生三日，设筵招待亲友谓之“汤饼筵”，也作“汤饼宴”、“汤饼会”。　　孺子——儿童。也用作老人对年轻后生的称呼。　　红颜——年轻人的红润容颜。代指少年。　　黄口——十岁以下。　　始龀、髫年——女孩七岁。　　金钗之年——女子十二岁。　　豆蔻年华——指十三四岁的少女。豆蔻是一种初夏开花的植物，初夏还不是盛夏，比喻人还未成年，故称未成年的少年时代为“豆蔻年华”。　　及笄——笄，本来是指古代束发用的簪子。古代女子一般到15岁以后，就把头发盘起来，并用簪子绾住，表示已经成年。“及笄”即年满15岁　　的女子。　　舞象之年——少年十五至二十岁。　　碧玉年华、破瓜之年——女子十六岁。（旧时文人拆“瓜”字为二八纪年，谓十六岁，多用于女子。）　　桃李年华——女子二十岁。　　花信年华——女子二十四岁。　　半老徐娘——女子三十岁。　　结发——束发，扎结头发，古人男20岁束发而冠，女子15岁束发而笄，表示成年。男女成年的标志分别为“加冠”、“加笄”。。　　处子——未出嫁的女子。　　千金——对人家女儿的的敬称，多指未婚者。　　待年、待字——指女子成年待嫁的年岁。　　幼艾——指美貌的青年男女。《楚辞九歌少司命》竦长剑兮拥幼艾，荪独宜兮为民正。　　怨女——指年龄大而没有结婚的女子。　　半老徐娘——女子三十岁。　　姥——年老的妇人。中国传统礼仪称谓一、口头称谓语　　古代称谓　　中国号称文明古国，世人誉之为礼仪之邦、君子之国，即使是在唇枪舌剑的论　　战中，我们的先人也同样讲究语言美。《礼记·仪礼》道：“言语之美，穆穆皇皇。” 　　穆穆者：敬之和；皇皇者，正而美。就是说，对人说话要尊敬、和气，谈吐文雅。　　现在我们称呼对方的代词只有“你”和“您”，而古代，虽然有“汝，尔、若、而、乃” 　　等好几个称法，但是他们无论对长辈、平辈说话时，从来不用这些词，认为如此称　　呼不礼貌。古人有多种多样表示尊敬的方法，大概有如下数种。　　1、用“道德高尚”的说法称呼对方，如称人为“子、夫子、先生”等等。　　2、从辈份上尊称对方，如称人为“父老、父、丈人、母、媪、老伯”等。　　3、称对方的字、号。　　4、称对方的身份时加上“贤、尊、高”等字眼。如“贤侄”、“贤婿”等。　　5、用对方的部下来代称对方，表示由于尊敬的缘故，不敢直接指呼对方。例如，“陛　　下”代称帝王；“殿下”代称皇后、太子；“阁下”、“足下”等代称一般人。　　古代第一人称代词除了“我”以外，还有“余、吾、予、朕、台、卯”等。但古人对　　长辈或平辈说话时，也不用他们而是毫无例外地用谦称。例如：　　1、用“道德不高尚”或“不聪明”的说法来称呼自己。如自称“鄙人、小人、愚、愚弟”等。　　2、“用辈份低”的说法来称自己。例如自称“小弟、小侄”等。　　3、用“地位卑*”的说法来称呼。例如自称“臣、仆、在下、*子、牛马、自己下走”等等。　　4、称自己的身份、职务，有时还加上“卑、小、贫”等字眼。例如自称“弟子、学生、　　小生、贫僧、卑吏、卑职”等。　　5、直呼自己的名。例如孔子自称“丘”。　　古人的礼貌语言还表现在：凡是说到与对方有关的行为、人物、事情、物品时　　，大都要使用尊敬、委婉的说法，例如：　　称别人的姓、名和字为“贵姓、大名、尊讳、尊字”等。　　称别人年龄为“贵庚、尊庚、芳龄、高寿”等。　　称别人的住处为“尊府、府上、尊寓、华居”等。　　称别人的神态、相貌为“风采”等。　　称别人的身体为“玉体”等。　　称别人的亲属去世为“作故人、谢宾客、仙游”等。　　同样地，说到与自己有关的人和事物时，也一律采用谦虚的说法。例如：　　称自己的妻子为“*内、拙荆”。　　称自己的孩子为“*息、犬子”。　　称自己的朋友为“敝友”。　　称自己的事情为“*事”。　　称自己的意见为“愚见、愚计”。　　把自己的官叫“待罪”。　　向别人询问叫“拜问”。　　回答别人称“上报”等等。　　古汉语中还有一类很突出的词，叫“谦敬副词”。例如“蒙、窃、幸、猥、辱、敬、　　惠、谨”等等。　　这些谦敬副词，和上面所谈的尊称、谦称以及委婉语、讳饰语等等，都是我国　　古代的礼貌语言，体现了我国古代语言美的优良传统。　　交友称谓　　人总是要交朋友的。自古以来，对交什么性质的朋友，都有明确的称谓。　　忘年交：打破年龄、辈份的差异而结为好朋友。　　忘形交：不拘形迹的缺欠或丑陋，结成不分你我的朋友。　　君子交：指道义之交，即在道义上相互支持的朋友。　　莫逆交：指彼此心意相通，无所违逆。　　刎颈交：指友谊深挚，可以同生死，共患难。　　贫*交：穷困潦倒时结交的朋友。　　布衣交：彼此没有作官而结交。　　患难之交：同经磨练而成为朋友。　　至交：友谊最深的朋友。　　世交：称世谊、世好，泛指两家世代交情。　　故交：故旧、旧交、故人，泛指有旧的交情。　　一面之交：仅仅相识，但不甚了解。　　市道交：古时以做买卖的手段结交的朋友，因其重利而忘义，后称小人之交。　　对人尊称　　令尊：尊称对方的父亲。　　令堂：尊称对方的母亲。　　令郎(令子、令郎君、令嗣)：尊称对方的儿子。　　令爱(令媛)：尊称对方的女儿。　　令婿(令坦、令倩)：尊称对方的女婿。　　令媳：尊称对方的儿媳。　　令正(令阃、贤阁，尊夫人)：尊称对方的妻子。　　乔梓：称人父子。　　昆玉(昆仲)：称人兄弟。　　令侄：称人侄儿。　　贤契：称自己的学生。　　高足：称别人的学生。　　自己谦称　　家父(家严、家君)：称自己的父亲。　　家母(家慈)：称自己的母亲。　　家兄、家姐：称自己的兄姐。　　舍北、舍妹：称自己的弟妹。　　舍侄：称自己的侄儿。　　内人(内子、内助、拙荆)：称自己的妻子。　　外子：称自己的丈夫。　　犬子(豚子、犬儿、小子)：称自己的儿子。　　小女：称自己的女儿。　　敝友：称自己的朋友。　　常用敬词　　请：有求于对方。　　请问：请求对方解答问题。　　赐教：请人给予指教。　　高见(高论)：称对方的看法，见解。　　贵姓(尊姓)大名：询问对方姓中。　　贵庚(芳龄)：询问对方年龄。　　高寿(高龄)用于问老年人的年龄。　　尊府(府上、尊寓、华居)：称对方的住处。　　拜望：探望。　　拜访：访问。　　拜托：托人办事。　　拜辞：告别。　　敬请：恭敬地请求。　　恭候：恭敬地等候。　　光临：客人到来。　　光顾(惠顾)：商店欢迎顾客前来。　　晚安：晚上道别。　　奉陪：陪伴。(自己的举动涉及对方的用“奉字”) 　　奉送：赠送。　　奉还：归还。　　奉告：告诉。　　奉劝：劝告。　　奉养：侍奉和赡养(尊亲)。　　恭喜：祝贺对方已经取得成功。　　雅正：把自己的诗文、书画、作品赠人时用此辞，表示请对方指教。　　斧正(指正)：请人对自己的诗文、书画、作品加以修改、指教。　　常用客气语　　恕：请求别人谅解，不要计较。　　有劳：用于拜托或答谢对方帮助做事。　　相扰：打扰。　　难为：感谢对方的帮助。　　久仰：敬仰思慕已久。　　久违：很久未见。　　劳驾：用于请对方做某事。　　劳神：耗费精神。　　借光：请人给予方便。　　包涵：请人宽容或原谅。　　指教：敬请指教。　　多谢：很感谢。　　失敬：责备自己礼貌不周。　　失礼：自己感到礼貌不周。　　失陪：表示因故而不能陪伴别人。　　留步：请等一等或不必再送行。二、传统称谓种种　　我国古代很多文明称呼，至今还被运用。如：　　将父母称为高堂、椿萱、双亲；　　称呼别人的父母为令尊、令堂；　　称别人兄妹为令兄、令妹；称别人儿女为令郎令媛；　　自称父母兄妹为家父、家严、家慈、家兄、舍妹；　　称别人庭院为府上，尊府；　　自称为寒舍、舍下、草堂。　　妻父俗称丈人，雅称为岳父、泰山。　　兄弟为昆仲、棠棣、手足。　　夫妻为伉丽、配偶、伴侣。　　妇女为巾帼；男子为须眉。　　老师为先生、夫子、恩师；　　学生为门生、受业。学堂为寒窗；　　同学又为同窗。　　父母死后称呼上加“先”字，父死称先父、先严、先考；母死称先母、先慈、先妣；同辈人死后加“亡”字，如亡妻、亡兄、亡妹。夫妻一方亡故叫丧偶，夫死称妻为寡、孀；妻死称夫为鳏。　　年龄的代称　　古人对于不同的年龄，都有不同的代称。如：　　总角：幼年的儿童，头发上绾成小髻髻。《礼记·内则》“拂髻，总角。”郑玄注：“总角，收发结之。”后来就称儿童的幼年时代为“总角”。陶潜《荣木》诗序：“总角闻道，白者无成。”这里的“白首”代称老年。　　垂髻：也指儿童幼年。古时儿童未成年时，不戴帽子，头发下垂，所以“垂髻”代称儿童的幼年。陶潜《桃花源记》：“黄发垂髻，并怡然自乐。”这里的“黄发”也代称老年。　　束发：古代男子成童时把头发束成髻，盘在头顶，后来就把“束发”代称成童的年龄。《大戴礼记·保傅》：“束发而就大学，学大艺焉，履大节焉。”归有光《项脊轩志》：“余自束发，读书轩中。” 　　成童：古时称男子年达十五为“成童”。《礼心·内侧》：“成童，舞象，学射御。”郑玄注：“成童，十五以上。”《后汉书·李固传》：“固弟子汝南郭亮，年始成童，游学洛阳。”李贤注：“成童，年十五也。”又，《谷梁传·昭公十九年》：“羁贯成童，不就师傅，父之罪也。”范宁注：“成童，八岁以上。”可见，成童到底是几岁，也有不同的说法。　　及笄：古时称女子年在十五为“及笄”，也称“笄年”。笄是簪子，及笄，就是到了可以插簪子的年龄了，《仪礼·土昏礼》：“女子许嫁，笄而醴之，称字。”《礼记·内则》：“女子许嫁，……十有五年而笄。”则又指出嫁的年龄。《聊斋志异·胭脂》：“东昌卞氏，业牛医者，有女，小字胭脂，……以故及笄未字。” 　　破瓜：旧时文人把“瓜”字拆开，成为两个“八”字，称16岁为“破瓜”，在诗文中多用于女子。又因八乘八为六十四，也称64岁为“破瓜”。吕岩《赠张泊诗》：“攻成当在破瓜年。” 　　弱冠：古代男子20岁行冠礼。所以主以“弱冠”代称20岁，弱是年少，冠是戴成年人的帽子，还要举行大礼。左思《咏友》诗：“弱冠弄柔翰，旧荦观群书。” 　　《论语·为政》有“子曰：‘吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩’”之语，后来就以“而立”代称30岁，《聊斋志异·长清僧》：“友人或至其乡，敬造之，见其人默然成笃，年仅而立”；以“不惑”代称40岁，应璩《答韩文宪书》：“足下之年，甫在不惑”；以“知命”为50岁的代称，潘岳《闲居赋》序：“自弱冠涉乎知命之年，八徒官而一进阶。”以“耳顺”为60岁的代称，庾信《伯母李氏墓南铭》：“夫人年逾耳顺，视听不衰。” 　　古人又称50岁为“艾”，60岁为“耆”，《礼记·曲礼》：“五十曰艾，……六十为耆……”也可以泛指老年，《荀子·致士》：“耆艾而信，可以为师。” 　　古稀：杜甫《曲江》诗：“酒债寻常行处有，人生七十古来稀。”后来就拿“古稀”为70岁的代称。　　耋：《诗·秦风·车邻》:“逝者其耋。”毛传：“耋，老也。八十曰耋。”《左传·僖公九年》：“以伯舅耋老，如劳，赐一级，无下拜。”杜预注：“八十曰耋。” 　　耄：《礼记·曲礼上》：“八十、九十曰耄。”桓宽《盐铁论·孝养》亦称“八十曰耄。”期熙：《礼心·曲礼上》：“百年曰期颐。”郑玄注：“期，犹在也；颐，养也。”孔希旦集解：“百年者饮食、居处、动作，无所不待于养。”后来就拿“期颐”代表百岁。苏轼《次韵子由三首》：“到处不妨闲卜筑，流年自可数期颐。” 　　另有“丁年”之说，泛指成丁之年，即壮年，温庭筠《苏武庙》诗：“回首楼台非甲帐，去时冠剑是丁年。”可是成丁之年各个朝代规定不同，如惰朝以20岁为成丁，唐玄宗天宝年间以23岁为成丁。　　陛下、殿下、阁下、足下　　“陛下”、“殿下”、“阁下”、“足下”都是古人称谓上的敬辞。　　“陛下”的“陛”指帝王宫殿的台阶。“陛下”原来反映的是站在台阶下的侍者。臣子向　　天子进言时，不敢直呼天子，必须先呼台阶下的侍者告之。后来“陛下”就成为对帝王　　的敬辞。　　“殿下”和“陛下”是一个意思。原来也是对天子的敬辞但称谓对象随着历史的发展　　而有所变化，汉朝以后演变为对太子、亲王的敬称。唐朝以后只有皇太子、皇后、　　皇太后可以称为“殿下”。　　“阁下”是旧时对别人的尊敬。常用于书信之中。原意是由于亲朋同辈间互相见面　　不便呼其名，常常先呼在其阁下的侍从转告，而将侍从称为“阁下”的，后来逐渐演变　　为至友亲朋间尊称的敬辞。　　“足下”在古代，下称谓上，或同辈相称，都用“足下”。如《史记·项羽本纪》：“张　　良入谢曰：‘……谨使臣良奉白壁一双再拜献大王足下；玉斗一双，再拜奉大将足下。’” 　　以上这些敬辞，现在对外交往时(书信、宴会致词)还常常使用。　　先生、小姐、女士　　“先生”：始见于春秋《论语·为政》：“有酒食‘先生’馔。”注解曰：“先生指父兄而言　　也。”到了战国，“先生”泛指有德行有学问的长辈。历史上第一次用“先生”称呼老师，　　始见于《曲礼》。唐、宋以来，多称道士、医生、占卦者、卖草药的、测字的为先　　生。清朝以来，“先生”的称呼在人们的脑海里已开始淡薄，至辛亥革命之后，“先生” 　　的称呼才又广为流传。　　“小姐”：最实是宋代王宫中对地位低下的宫婢、姬、艺人等的称谓。到了元代，“ 　　小姐”逐渐上升为大家贵族未婚女子的称谓，如《西厢记》中：“只生得个小姐，字莺　　莺。” 至明、清两代，“小姐”一词终于发展成为贵族大家未婚女子的尊称，并逐渐传　　到了民间。　　“女士”：始见于《诗经·大雅·既醉》：“厘尔女士。”这儿的“女士”指有德行的女子，　　和后来说的“千金”一样，用以对妇女和未婚女子的敬称。　　妻子的种种称呼　　小君、细君：最早是称诸侯的妻子，后来作为妻子的通称。　　内子：从前丈夫对别人称自己的妻子，其根源出于旧观念，认为男子主外，女子主　　内。　　室人：多数是对别人妻子的称呼。　　拙荆、山荆：源出“荆钗布裙”，本是指东汉梁鸿妻子孟光相素的服饰，后人用作妻之　　谦词。　　荆妻、刑室：表示自谦，贫寒之意。　　发室：原配妻子。　　继室、续弦：因古人常以琴瑟比喻夫妻关系，故将妻殁再取称为“续弦”。　　妾、姬、小妻、小星、如妻、如夫人、侧室、偏房、室、副妻等均为小老婆。三、书信常用词语　　(一)启始　　惠书敬悉，甚以为慰。　　顷接大示，如见故人。　　久不通函，至以为念。　　前上一函，谅已入鉴。　　近屡奉笺，至感厚谊深情。　　接获手书，情意拳拳，至不欢愉。　　数奉手书，热情诚挚之情，溢于言表。　　日前曾奉尺牍，意其已抵左右。　　捧读知已惠书，音容笑颜，历历在目。　　昨得书笺，反复读之，深情厚意，感莫能言。　　(二)思念　　别后月余，殊深驰系。　　睽违日久，拳念殷殊。　　分手甚久，别来无恙。　　故园念切，梦寐神驰。　　握别以来，深感寂寞，近况如何，甚念。　　鸿雁传来，千里咫尺，海天在望，不尽依依。　　相距甚远，不能聚首，转寄文墨，时通消息。　　别亦良久，甚以为怀，何日重逢，登高延企。　　奉读惠书，宛如天外飞来，回首往事，不啻依稀如昨。　　长怀盛德，聊吐愚衷，谨凭鸿雁之传，伫望白云之信。　　(三)饮佩　　大示拜读，心折殊深。　　久钦鸿才，时怀渴谒。　　德宏才羡，屡屡怀慕。　　久慕英才，拜谒如渴。　　顷读诲语，如闻金玉良言，茅塞顿开。　　谨蒙诲教，疑或冰释，胜似春风甘霖灌顶。　　恩师才高八斗，学富五车，泰山北斗，谁不思慕。　　蒙惠书并赐佳作，浩如河汉，理至还必须真，拜服之至。嗣后如有所见，或有新作　　，望莫遗愚友之驽，尚请随时见示为盼。　　先生德高望重，文才武略，贯古今之论，晓中外之文，下风引领，敢下拜嘉。　　（四）问病　　闻君欠安，甚为悬念。　　顷闻您卧榻数日，心甚系念。　　闻君甚念，无奈事务缠身，未能前来请安，恳请慎疾自爱。　　知尊恙复发，恳祈暂停公务，苓参进，调养莫误，甚念甚念。　　尊恙已大愈否?贵体新全，望珍摄自重，衣餐增适，动定咸宜。诸唯珍重，皮之不存　　，毛岂附焉，来日方长，亟望珍重。　　尊恙愈否，念念。　　欣闻贵体康复，至为慰藉。　　重病新愈，望调养有序，节劳为盼。　　闻君抱恙，不胜悬念，特函问候，祝早日康复。　　(五)时令问候　　春寒料峭，善自珍重。　　阳春三月，燕语莺歌，想必神采奕奕。　　炎暑日蒸，千万珍重。　　盛暑之后，继以炎秋，务望尚自珍为盼。　　秋色宜人，望养志和神。　　秋风萧萧，至祈摄卫。　　日来寒威愈烈火，伏维福躬无恙。　　寒风苦雨，恳请厚自珍爱。　　近闻贵地大风暴雨，家居安否，念念。　　朔风突起，寒潮逼至，想寓中均安？　　(六)祝贺　　顷闻嘉讯，再祝鸿猷大展，万里鹏程。　　欣闻……，谨寄数语，聊表祝贺与希望之心。　　喜闻……，由衷快慰，遥祝前程似锦，万事如意。　　谨具刀笔书谒，恭贺嘉事吉礼。　　1、贺新婚　　忽鸣燕贺，且祝新禧。　　欣闻足下花烛筵开，奉呈薄礼，聊卺之仪。　　附呈微物，聊佐喜仪，忽弃是幸。　　喜闻你们有缘终成眷属，至为欣慰。　　欣闻你们喜结良缘，无限欣慰。　　近闻足下燕尔新婚，特此祝贺。　　顷悉你不日西厢叙情，蓝田得玉，天成佳偶，谨祝秦晋和欢，白头偕老。　　顷闻吉音，欣逢嘉礼，遥祝如鱼得水，并蒂花开，嘉贺嘉祝。　　2、祝寿　　×日为先生××大寿，遥祝寿比南山，福如东海。　　恭祝延年寿千秋。　　谨颂受寿家多，长命百岁。　　喜贺福寿双全，恭贺全家安好，寿星永照。　　3、贺生儿女　　闻育祥麟，谨此恭贺。　　闻尊夫妇喜添千金，热忱致贺。(贺生女) 　　弄璋之喜，可庆可贺。(贺生子) 　　弄瓦之庆，遥以致贺。(贺生女) 　　(七)致谢　　大示诵悉，深感勤勤恳恳诲人不倦之意。　　厚情盛意，应接不遑，切谢切谢。　　奉报先生殷殷之谊，当俟异日耳。　　感荷高情，非只语片言所能鸣谢。　　承蒙谆谆忠告，铭感五衷。　　承蒙见教，获益甚多，特上寸笺，以申谢忱。　　承蒙惠赠各物，衷心感谢，不胜荣幸。　　承蒙存问，且赠佳品，感恩不尽。　　如此厚赠，实深惶悚，但来从远道，却之不恭，因即拜领。　　(八)致歉　　惠书敬悉，甚感盛情，迟复为歉。　　奉读惠书，久未作复，罪甚罪甚。　　惠书已悉，近因琐务，未即奉答为歉。　　数奉台函，未暇修复，抱歉良深。　　所询之事，目前尚难奉复，敬请宽裕为怀。　　前事有逆尊意，不胜惭愧，万望海涵。　　前事有负雅意，十分抱歉，尚希恕之。　　见有睽异之处，幸在知己，尚希见宽降恕。　　(九)拜托　　冒味唐突干请，惟望幸许。　　拜托之处，乞费神代办，不胜感荷。　　谨布区区，尚希鉴明，费神相助。　　所恳之事，若蒙慨允，将不胜感激之至。　　特沥寸函布达，祈忽他言推诿。　　为书请之，便中还请一询为荷。　　乞赐……，以志厚谊。　　鉴于此情，望您能大解善囊，尽力相助。　　人生友谊，唯君多谊，切望惠泽大诿，鼎力为之。　　岁月悠悠，与君多谊，还望滋润再三，泽被延绵。　　(十)致哀　　惊闻××作古，家失栋材，悲痛万分。　　尊×猝去，深致哀悼，尚望节哀顺变。　　前闻令×逝去，为之惨然，人死不能复生，尚望节哀。　　闻悉××仙逝，不胜伤悼，足下遭此不幸，伤感必甚，恳请宽辟哀情，善自珍爱。　　死者已矣，生者恳请多多保重。　　希高年珍摄，勉抑哀思。谨函驰陈，藉申慰问。　　惊承讣告，悲悼不已，凡在相好，无不同深惋惜。　　(十一)赠物　　奉呈薄资，尚望笑纳为幸。　　区区小物两包，聊供途中之需，即乞晒纳。　　所奉礼品虽微不足道，但物轻情意重，望勿嫌弃。　　千里鹅毛，聊表寸心。　　微物奉上，聊祝吉安，幸祈笑纳。　　寄奉百元，聊佐薪水，为数甚微，将意而已。　　(十二)请教　　风雨同舟，愿闻明教。　　倘蒙见教，没齿不忘，一日为师，终生为父。　　倘承不吝赐教家，幸甚幸甚。　　甚盼时赐物，匡我不逮。　　得暇望时赐教言为祷。　　一切恳请详示，万望莫以鄙陋而不堪教也。　　苦有所得，祈随时赐示为盼。　　倘有所闻，尚祈见告，俾资改进，不胜为盼。　　(十三)商讨　　愚直之言，尚祈嘉纳。　　蒙雅爱，沥胆直谏。　　叨称至好，故敢缄阻，草沥数行，请鉴纳。　　相见以诚，请恕不谦。　　微开之言，幸无见阔，不胜大愿。　　叨在契末，斗胆直陈，伏维朗照，不尽缕衷。　　吾敬先生，尤爱真理，故秉笔直陈，希原谅之为祷。　　缘承下询，草复寸笺，种种尚须斟酌之处，尊意如何？　　此等事本不累述，惟既屡承下问，慨然如感，遂略布鄙怀，万乞曲矛谅察为幸。　　(十四)结束　　匆此先复，余容后禀。　　铁此布臆，余容续陈。　　临书仓促，不尽欲言。　　日来事冗，恕不多叙。　　书不尽意，余言后续。　　草率书此，祈恕不恭。　　驰函寓意，伫望示复。　　匆此草就，不成文进，原宥是幸。　　忙中即书，言不由衷，不足之处，恕见谅。　　礼貌用语　　初次见面曰：久仰；　　好久不见曰：久违；　　请人原谅曰：包涵；　　请人收礼曰：笑纳；　　向人询问曰：动问；　　表示谢意曰：多谢；　　别人欲行曰：慢走；　　请受邀请曰：赏光；　　领受情谊曰：承情；　　分手告别曰：回见；　　晚上道别曰：晚安；　　未能亲迎曰：失迎；　　礼貌不周曰：失敬；　　要求回信曰：赐复；　　请人指教曰：赐教；　　征求意见曰：不吝；　　拜托答谢曰：有劳；　　请人任职曰：屈就；　　受人指教曰：叼教；　　请主人别送行：止步；　　自己作品给别人看：教正、斧正；　　请求接受赠品曰：赏脸；　　动问长辈年岁曰：高寿、贵庚；　　有话对人说：打扰；　　读者给编辑部：敬颂编安；　　晚辈给长辈：顺颂安康；　　长辈对晚辈：顺致安好；　　平级机关间：特此函达；　　“x x”之交　　杵臼之交：交友不分贵贱；（《聊斋》）布衣之交：普通百姓间的交往；（《廉蔺列传》）　　莫逆之交：彼此情投意合；（《北史》）刎颈之交：即使掉脑袋也不变心；（《廉蔺列传》）　　再世之交：与人父子两代都结成朋友；忘年之交：不计年岁长幼以才能德行为主的交往；　　竹马之交：幼年男女之间的交往；君子之交：看似平淡重在道义的朋友；　　车笠之交：不以贵贱而异的朋友；忘形之交：彼此以心相许不分形迹；　　金石之交：交谊深厚、如金石般坚固；金兰之交：友情契合，如同兄弟；　　平昔之交：往日结交的朋友；肺腑之交：无话不谈，推心置腹的朋友；　　贫贱之交：贫困时结交的朋友；诗文之交：以诗文往来结交的朋友　　石交：交谊坚固；款交：以真情相待。　　“x x”之年　　襁褓：不满周岁　　孩提：尚在襁褓，初知发笑，（婴幼儿）；（2~3岁）　　龆龀（tiáochèn）：儿童换牙，长出新牙，（七八岁间）；　　髫年：女孩七岁　　龆年：男孩八岁　　垂髫：童子未冠，头发下垂谓之龆；　　总角：角，小髻。总，束发上分，人之童年；　　黄口：十岁以下　　幼学：《礼记》“人生十年月幼学”；　　豆蔻：“娉娉婷婷十三余，豆蔻梢头二月初”女子十三四岁；　　舞勺之年：13~15 　　舞象之年：15~20 　　金钗之年：12岁（女孩）　　及笄：《礼记》“女子十又五而笄”（结发为笄，表成年）；　　束发：男孩成童，束发为髻；　　破瓜（碧玉年华）：瓜拆开为“二八”，二八相加或相乘，谓女子十六或六十四岁；　　桃李年华：20岁（女）　　花信年华：24岁（女）　　弱冠：《礼记》“二十曰弱冠”。男子二十结发加冠，体且未壮。　　而立：《论语》“吾十有五，而志于学，三十而立”；　　成立：“成立之年，便增妻孥之累”，人之成年；　　不惑：《论语》“四十而不惑”（明辨不疑）　　强仕：《礼记》四十曰强仕；　　知非：《淮南子》“年五十，而知四十九年非，”人之五十；　　天命：《论语》“五十而知天命；” 　　及艾：《礼记》“五十曰艾”（发白如艾）；　　杖行：《礼记》“五十杖于家” 　　耆艾：《礼记》“五十曰艾，六十曰耆，”人之五六十岁；　　花甲：人之六十；　　耳顺：《礼记》“六十而耳顺”（耳闻其言，而知其微旨）；　　垂老：《垂老别》，人之将老；　　桑榆：《后汉书》“失之东隅，收之桑榆”（天黄昏，喻人之将老）；　　耆老：《国语》“六十曰耆，七十曰老，”人之六七十岁；　　古稀：杜甫“人生七十古来稀” 　　迟暮：杜甫“迟暮少寝食，”人之将老；　　皓首：《后汉书》“垂发服戎，功成皓首。” 　　眉寿：《诗经》“此为春酒，以介眉寿”（秀眉，寿者相称，人之长寿。　　风烛：风中之烛、随时可灭，人之残年。　　耄耋：“七耄八耋”，人之七八十岁；　　鲐（tái）背：“九十鲐背” 　　白寿：“白”为“百”缺一，人之九十九。　　寿民：“清代称百岁老人为寿民” 　　期颐：《礼记》百年曰期颐